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Plant  bugs  on  frui 
crops  in  Canada 

Heteroptera:  Miridae 


I* 


Agriculture 
Canada 


Plant  bugs  on  fruit 
crops  in  Canada 

Heteroptera:  Miridae 


Leonard  A.  Kelton 
Biosystematics  Research  Institute 
Ottawa,  Ontario 


Research  Branch 
Agriculture  Canada 


Monograph  No.  24 
1982 


Canadian  Cataloguing  in  Publication  Data 

Kelton,  Leonard  A. 

Plant  bugs  on  fruit  crops  in  Canada 

(Monograph  ;  no.  24) 

Includes  bibliographical  references  and  index. 

1.  Miridae.  2.  Fruit — Diseases  and  pests — Canada. 
3.  Insects,  Injurious  and  beneficial — Canada. 

I.  Canada.  Agriculture  Canada.  Research  Branch. 

II.  Title.  III.  Series:  Monograph  (Canada. 
Agriculture  Canada)  ;  no.  24. 

QL523.M5K4  595.7'54  C83-097200-5 


©  Minister  of  Supply  and  Services  Canada  1983 

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Price  subject  to  change  without  notice 


Contents 


Acknowledgments  5 

Introduction   7 

Collecting,  preserving,  and  identifying  specimens   8 

Biology 9 

Morphology 10 

Classification 10 

Key  to  subfamilies 10 

Subfamily  Mirinae  Hahn 13 

Key  to  tribes  of  Mirinae 13 

Tribe  Resthenini   13 

Genus  Prepops  Reuter 13 

Tribe  Mirini    14 

Key  to  genera  of  Mirini 14 

Genus  Neurocolpas  Reuter  15 

Genus  Taedia  Distant    18 

Genus  Caps-us  Fabricius    24 

Genus  Poecilocapsus  Reuter   24 

Genus  Lygidea  Reuter 28 

Genus  Lygus  Hahn    30 

Genus  Lygocoris  Reuter 41 

Genus  Stenotus  Jakovlev  58 

Genus  Calocoris  Fieber   61 

Genus  Phytocoris  Fallen 65 

Subfamily  Orthotylinae  Van  Duzee    87 

Key  to  tribes  of  Orthotylinae   87 

Tribe  Orthotylini 87 

Key  to  genera  of  Orthotvlini    87 

Genus  Ceratocapsus  Reuter 88 

Genus  Heterotopia  Le  Peletier  8c  Serville    99 

Genus  Heterocordylus  Fieber 101 

Genus  Lopidea  Uhler 104 

Genus  Paraproba  Distant    104 

Genus  Blepharidopterus  Kolenati 106 

Genus  Diaphnocoris  Kelton 110 

Genus  Orthotylus  Fieber    112 

Tribe  Pilophorini 116 

Genus  Pilophorus  Hahn    116 

Subfamily  Phylinae  Douglas  8c  Scott 120 

Key  to  genera  of  Phylinae 120 

Genus  Rhinocapsus  Uhler 122 

Genus  Plagiognathus  Fieber 122 

Genus  Atractotornus  Fieber  134 

Genus  Lepidopsallus  Knight   136 

Genus  Campylomma  Reuter    138 

Genus  Psallus  Fieber 140 

Subfamily  Deraeocorinae  Douglas  8c  Scott   141 


Ke\  to  tribes  of  Deraeocorinae    143 

Tribe  Hyaliodini    143 

Genus  Hyaliodes  Reuter    143 

Tribe  Deraeocorini   147 

Key  to  genera  of  Deraeocorini 147 

Genus  Eurychilopterella  Reuter    147 

Genus  Deraeocoris  Kirschbaum  148 

Subfamily  Dicyphinae  Reuter 162 

Key  to  genera  of  Dicyphinae   164 

Genus  Campyloneura  Fieber 164 

Genus  Cyrtopeltis  Fieber   165 

Genus  Macrolophus  Fieber  168 

Genus  Dicyphus  Fieber    170 

Scientific  and  common  names  of  plants 180 

Glossary   184 

Fruit  crop  and  plant  bug  association    185 

References 193 

Index    199 


Acknowledgments 

I  would  like  to  express  my  thanks  to  the  following  colleagues  from 
Agriculture  Canada's  Research  Stations  for  making  available  their  re- 
search records,  specimens,  and  expertise:  L.  S.  Thompson  (Charlotte- 
town,  P.E.I.),  A.  W.  MacPhee  (Kentville,  N.S.),  G.  W.  Wood  (Fredericton, 
N.B.),  R.  O.  Paradis  (Saint-Jean,  Que.),  D.  R.  Pree,  (Vineland  Station, 
Ont.),  R.  D.  McMullen  (Summerland,  B.C.),  and  W.  T.  Cram  (Vancouver, 
B.C.). 

I  gratefully  acknowledge  the  cooperation  of  the  Directors,  Drs.  L.  B. 
MacLeod,  Charlottetown;  G.  C.  Russell,  Summerland;  former  Directors, 
Drs.  A.  J.  McGinnis,  Vineland  Station;  J.  R.  Wright,  Kentville;  G.  M. 
Weaver,  Fredericton;  and  J. -J.  Jasmin,  Saint-Jean;  also  J.  A.  Archibald, 
Ontario  Ministry  of  Agriculture  and  Food,  Vineland  Station,  for  provid- 
ing research  facilities  while  working  at  the  Research  Stations  during  the 
years  1974-1977. 

I  am  grateful  to  Dr.  R.  C.  Froeschner,  U.S.  National  Museum, 
Washington,  D.C.,  and  T.J.  Henry,  SEL.  USDA,  U.S.  National  Museum, 
Washington,  D.C.,  for  making  available  the  collections  in  their  care. 

Special  thanks  are  due  to  D.  Brown,  my  technician,  for  curating  the 
specimens  and  preparing  the  distribution  maps,  and  to  L.  Yusyk  and  S. 
Rigby  of  this  Institute,  for  many  illustrations  of  adult  Miridae.  I  also  thank 
Drs.  J.  F.  McAlpine  and  C.  M.  Yoshimoto  for  critically  reviewing  the 
manuscript. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from 

Agriculture  and  Agri-Food  Canada  -  Agriculture  et  Agroalimentaire  Canada 


http://www.archive.org/details/plantbugsonfruitOOkelt 


Introduction 

Plant  bugs  on  fruit  crops  are  of  great  economic  importance  to  man 
because  they  are  either  harmful  or  beneficial.  The  harmful  bugs  are  those 
that  suck  out  the  plant  juices  and  injure  the  plant  or  damage  the  fruit; 
these  are  the  phytophagous  species,  and  losses  caused  by  them  often 
amount  to  millions  of  dollars  annually.  The  beneficial  bugs  are  those  that 
prey  on  and  destroy  the  arthropods  that  feed  on  the  plant  or  the  fruit; 
these  are  the  predaceous  species,  and  without  them  damage  to  fruit  crops 
would  be  considerably  greater. 

In  economic  terms  the  effect  of  the  phytophagous  species  seem  to  far 
outweigh  the  beneficial  effect  of  the  predaceous  species.  Large  popula- 
tions of  phytophagous  species  reduce  plant  vigor,  transmit  virus  diseases, 
and  cause  fruit  drop  and  malformed  fruit.  The  resulting  effect  is  reduced 
yield  and  lower  grades  of  fruit.  Often  the  bugs  may  completely  destroy  the 
fruit  crop.  To  control  these  pests  the  fruit  grower  has  two  choices:  a 
chemical  spray  program,  which  cuts  into  the  returns  from  the  fruit  crop, 
or  a  natural  control  program  relying  on  predators  of  various  arthropods 
that  feed  on  the  fruit  crop. 

Because  these  predators  prey  on  mites,  aphids,  psyllids,  leafhoppers, 
small  lepidopterous  larvae,  and  other  soft-bodied  arthropods  that  feed  on 
the  plant  or  the  fruit,  they  substantially  reduce  the  damaging  effect  of  the 
harmful  pests.  In  sufficient  numbers,  the  predators  may  reduce  or  elimin- 
ate the  need  of  a  chemical  spray. 

Plant  bugs  are  not  well  known  despite  their  economic  importance, 
the  large  numbers  found  on  the  fruit  crops,  and  the  fact  that  they  have 
been  with  us  for  a  long  time.  Doubt  exists  whether  they  are  harmful  or 
beneficial,  confusion  exists  in  naming  them,  and  little  is  known  of  their 
biology.  The  aim  of  this  bulletin  is  twofold:  1)  to  help  economic  research 
scientists  and  fruit  growers  identify  the  plant  bugs  found  on  the  fruit 
crops,  and  2)  to  provide  information  on  their  habits  and  biology.  Once 
these  prerequisites  are  established,  the  fruit  growers  must  decide,  indi- 
vidually or  in  consultation  with  the  research  scientists,  the  type  of  prog- 
ram necessary  to  effectively  control  the  pests. 

In  recent  years  special  efforts  were  made  to  collect  the  plant  bugs 
associated  with  the  fruit  crop  from  the  fruit  growing  areas  of  Canada.  The 
major  fruit  growing  areas  are  the  Okanagan  Valley  of  British  Columbia, 
the  Niagara  Peninsula  of  Ontario,  the  apple  growing  area  of  southwest- 
ern Quebec,  and  the  Annapolis  Valley  of  Nova  Scotia.  As  a  result  of  these 
collections,  knowledge  of  the  species  associated  with  the  fruit  crops  has 
been  expanded  and  new  information  on  their  habits  and  biology  has  been 
obtained.  For  plant  bugs  collected  on  apple  trees  in  southwestern  Quebec 
see  Braimah  et  al.  (1982). 

This  faunal  study  shows  that  81  species  of  Miridae  from  34  genera 
have  been  collected  on  cultivated  and  native  fruit  crops  in  Canada.  Of  this 
number,  24  species  are  phytophagous,  47  are  predaceous,  and  10  arc 


phytophagous  and  predaceous.  The  fruit  crops  investigated  are  apple, 
pear,  peach,  plum,  apricot,  sweet  cherry,  sour  cherry,  black  cherry, 
chokecherry,  pin  cherry,  mulberry,  raspberry,  thimbleberry,  loganberry, 
blackberry,  currant,  gooseberry,  blueberry,  serviceberry,  viburnum, 
elderberry,  cranberry,  strawberry,  and  grape.  Most  of  the  plant  bugs 
collected  are  endemic  to  the  Nearctic  region  but  15  species  are  accidental 
introductions  from  Europe. 

The  81  species  collected  represent  approximately  6%  of  the  total 
number  of  Miridae  species  believed  to  occur  in  Canada.  Adults  of  most 
species  treated  here  are  illustrated,  and  male  claspers  of  closely  related 
species  are  figured.  Brief  descriptions  of  adults,  biology,  and  distributions 
are  included.  Keys  to  subfamilies,  genera,  and  species  are  also  provided. 

Collecting,  preserving,  and  identifying  specimens 

Three  methods  are  used  to  collect  Miridae  on  fruit  plants.  The 
sweeping  method,  using  a  regular  sweep  net,  is  used  on  young  flexible 
branches  of  trees  and  shrubs,  and  on  plants  that  grow  close  to  the  ground. 
Because  mirids  are  fragile  and  delicate  insects,  sweeping  must  be  done 
carefully  to  avoid  damaging  the  bugs  in  the  net.  Leaves,  fruit,  and  other 
debris,  often  picked  up  in  sweeping,  can  damage  the  specimens  in  the  net 
if  sweeping  is  prolonged;  therefore,  the  bugs  should  be  picked  out  of  the 
net  frequently  with  an  aspirator.  Sweeping  should  be  done  under  dry 
conditions,  as  moisture  in  the  net  will  mat  and  ruin  the  specimens. 

The  beating  stick  and  sheet  method  is  used  for  collecting  mirids  on 
branches  of  mature  fruit  trees.  It  is  the  most  productive  method  and 
collections  from  isolated  branches  give  accurate  host  associations.  For  this 
method  the  sheet  is  held  under  a  branch  and  the  branch  is  sharply  struck 
with  the  stick.  The  bugs  are  jarred  loose,  fall  on  the  sheet,  and  are  picked 
off  the  sheet  quickly  with  an  aspirator. 

The  third  method  is  to  search  for  individual  specimens  on  the  trunks, 
limbs,  and  other  parts  of  fruit  plants.  The  bugs  that  inhabit  the  bark  are 
naturally  well  camouflaged  and  sit  on  the  bark  or  hide  in  the  crevices. 
When  disturbed  they  move  a  short  distance  and  if  the  collector  is  quick 
enough  the  bugs  are  picked  up  directly  with  the  aspirator. 

The  collected  specimens  are  killed  promptly  in  cyanide  and  mount- 
ed. If  they  cannot  be  mounted  at  the  end  of  the  day,  they  may  be  stored  for 
several  weeks  between  layers  of  cellulose  cotton  in  pill  boxes.  Each  pill  box 
is  labeled  with  pertinent  information  about  the  specimens  such  as  place 
collected,  date  collected,  and  host  plant.  Before  mounting  the  stored 
specimens,  the  pill  boxes  containing  the  specimens  are  placed  in  a  relax- 
ing container  and  the  bugs  relaxed. 

All  mirids  should  be  mounted  on  narrow  triangular  bristol  board 
points.  The  tip  of  the  point  is  bent  to  fit  the  angle  of  the  thorax  so  that  the 
specimen  will  be  level  when  mounted.  Only  the  tip  of  the  point  should  be 

8 


covered  with  glue  and  the  point  attached  to  the  right  side  of  the  thorax 
above  the  middle  coxa.  Miridae  should  not  be  pinned  through  the  body, 
and  they  should  never  be  placed  in  alcohol.  For  additional  details  on 
collecting  and  preserving  techniques  of  other  insects,  see  Martin  (1977). 

Nearly  all  the  plant  bugs  associated  with  fruit  crops  may  be  identified 
with  the  aid  of  a  high-powered  hand  lens.  In  a  few  instances  a  binocular 
stereomicroscope  will  be  required  to  examine  the  closely  related  species, 
and  in  particular  viewing  the  male  claspers.  Specimens  that  can  not  be 
identified,  or  specimens  that  need  confirmation,  should  be  forwarded  to: 
National  Identification  Service,  Biosystematics  Research  Institute,  Agri- 
culture Canada,  Ottawa,  Ontario. 

Most  of  the  material  for  this  book  was  collected  by  me  and  is  in  the 
Canadian  National  Collection  of  Insects,  Ottawa.  Some  records  were 
obtained  from  Agriculture  Research  Stations,  Vancouver  and  Summer- 
land,  British  Columbia;  Vineland  Station  and  Ottawa,  Ontario;  St.  Jean, 
Quebec;  Fredericton,  New  Brunswick;  Kentville,  Nova  Scotia;  and  Char- 
lottetown,  Prince  Edward  Island.  My  field  work  usually  commenced  in  the 
second  week  of  June  and  was  carried  on  throughout  July,  August,  and 
early  September.  Collection  localities  for  each  species  are  indicated  by 
dots  and  squares  on  the  maps,  and  the  general  range  is  given  under  the 
distribution. 

Biology 

Most  mirids  pass  the  winter  in  the  egg  stage.  The  eggs  are  laid  during 
the  summer  in  the  tender  growing  stems  of  the  host  plant  and  overwinter. 
They  hatch  the  following  spring  when  the  host  plant  is  sprouting  new 
shoots.  The  nymphs  feed  on  the  new  growth,  or  prey  on  the  arthropods 
present  on  the  host  plant.  Each  nymph  passes  through  five  stages  of 
development,  each  instar  normally  taking  approximately  5-7  days,  and 
on  the  fifth  molt  becomes  an  adult.  The  adults  feed  continually,  the  males 
die  soon  after  mating,  and  the  females  die  soon  after  they  oviposit. 

Relatively  few  species  of  Miridae  hibernate.  Adults  that  hibernate 
seek  shelter  late  in  the  fall,  usually  on  the  ground  or  under  the  loose  bark 
on  trees.  In  the  spring  they  emerge  and  commence  feeding  on  the 
available  prey  or  on  the  tender  new  shoots.  After  mating,  the  females  lay 
eggs  and  both  adults  continue  to  feed  throughout  the  early  summer.  The 
eggs  incubate  for  approximately  10—14  days,  the  nymphs  emerge  and 
continue  to  feed  either  on  the  plant  or  as  predators.  Each  nymph  passes 
through  five  stages,  and  becomes  an  adult.  Thus,  during  the  summer  the 
overwintered  adults  overlap  the  new  generation  adults;  however,  the 
latter  are  much  more  abundant.  By  midsummer  the  overwintered  adults 
gradually  die  out  and  the  new  adults  continue  to  feed  until  hibernation. 

Most  phytophagous  mirids  generally  are  host  specific  or  are  limited 
to  a  group  of  closely  related  plants.  However,  several  are  omnivorous  and 
readily  disperse  to  different  species  of  plants.  The  predaceous  mirids  are 


generally  found  on  many  different  plants  preying  on  the  arthropod 
fauna  that  these  host  plants  support. 

Few  species  are  both  predaceous  and  phytophagous.  They  have  been 
observed  feeding  on  the  foliage  or  the  fruit,  and  at  other  times  preying  on 
the  pest  arthropods.  Thus,  these  species  are  both  harmful  and  beneficial. 


Morphology 

Fig.  1  shows  the  typical  adult  mirid  structures  and  illustrates  the 
structural  terms.  Adult  Miridae  collected  on  fruit  crops  in  Canada  are 
distinguished  from  the  other  bugs  by  the  four  segmented  antennae,  the 
four  segmented  rostrum,  and  the  absence  of  ocelli.  The  hemelytron  is 
typically  separated  into  clavus,  corium,  embolium,  and  wing  membrane. 
The  abdomen  consists  of  nine  segments,  but  only  eight  are  visible.  Each 
leg  consists  of  coxa,  trochanter,  femur,  tibia,  and  tarsus.  The  tarsal  claws 
and  the  structures  between  them,  the  parempodia,  and  pulvilli  provide 
reliable  characters  for  separating  the  subfamilies. 

The  mirid  nymphs  especially  in  the  early  instars  are  small  and  deli- 
cate, and  generally  all  look  alike.  Last  instar  nymphs  assume  the  appear- 
ance of  the  adults  except  that  they  do  not  have  fully  developed  wings,  and 
do  not  have  male  or  female  genital  structures.  Thus,  the  identity  of 
nymphs  in  most  situations  depends  on  their  association  with  their  adults. 


Classification 

The  classification  of  the  Miridae  in  this  book  is  the  same  as  that  used 
by  me  in  The  plant  bugs  of  the  Prairie  Provinces  of  Canada  (1980c).  The 
subfamilies  represented  are  Mirinae  Hahn,  Orthotylinae  Van  Duzee, 
Phylinae  Douglas  8c  Scott,  Deraeocorinae  Douglas  8c  Scott,  and  Dicyphi- 
nae  Reuter. 


Key  to  subfamilies 

1.  Parempodia  large  and  membranous  (Figs.  2,3) 2 

Parempodia  slender  and  hairlike  (Figs.  4—8)    3 

2.  Parempodia  divergent  toward  apices  (Fig.  2);    pronotal  collar  distinct  (Fig.  9) 

Mirinae  Hahn  (p.  13) 

Parempodia  parallel  or  convergent  at  apices  (Fig.  3);  pronotal  collar  de- 
pressed, inconspicuous  (Fig.  10)    

Orthotylinae  Van  Duzee  (p.  87 ) 

3.  Pronotal  collar  present  (Fig.  9) 4 

Pronotal  collar  absent  or  depressed  (Fig.  10) 

Phylinae  Douglas  &  Scott  (p.  120) 

4.  Pulvilli  absent  (Fig.  6,7)    Deraeocorinae  Douglas  &  Scott  (p.  141) 

Pulvilli  present  (Fig.  8) Dicyphinae  Reuter  (p.  162) 

10 


antenna 


pronotum 


mesoscutum 
scutellum 

osteolar  peritreme 


genitalia 
genital    segment 


jugal    suture 


pronotum 


collar 


frons 


antennal 
socket 


mesoscutum 

cutellum 
clavus 
claval    vein 
claval    suture 
commissure 
corium 
cubitus 
radius 
embolium 
paracuneus 

cuneus 


wing    membrane 


-tibia 


tarsus 


claw 


parempodium 
pul  villus 


ovipositor 


Fig.  1.  Adult  mirid,  showing  typical  mirid  structures  and  illustrating  structural 
terms. 


11 


^v^^ 


6  ' 


Figs.  2-16.  Miridae  structures.  2-8,  Claws  of  Miridae;  2,  Mirinae;  3,Orthotylinae; 
4,5,  Phylinae;  6,7,  Deraeocorinae;  8,  Dicyphinae;  9,  Pronotum  of  Mirinae,  De- 
raeocorinae,  and  Dicyphinae;  10,  Pronotum  of  Phylinae;  1 1,  Head  ofLygidea;  12, 
Head  of  Z/ygus;  13,  Tarsus  of  Stenotus;  14,  Tarsus  of  Calocoris;  15,  Wing  membrane 
of  Hyaliodini;  16,  Wing  membrane  of  Deraeocorini. 


12 


Subfamily  Mirinae  Hahn 

The  following  are  the  subfamily  characteristics:  1)  large,  free  parem- 
podia,  diverging  toward  apices;  2)  usually  prominent  pronotal  collar;  and 
3)  male  genitalia  with  membranous  lobes  and  flexible  ductus  seminis. 

The  subfamily  is  represented  by  2  tribes,  1 1  genera,  and  37  species. 
Twenty-two  species  are  phytophagous,  15  species  are  predaceous. 


Key  to  tribes  of  Mirinae 

1.   Head,  pronotum,  and  hemelytra  velvety Resthenini  (p.  13) 

Head,  pronotum,  and  hemelytra  shiny,  not  velvety  .......      Mirini  (p.  14) 


Tribe  Resthenini 

The  tribe  is  represented  by  one  genus  and  one  species. 

Genus  Prepops  Reuter 

Elongate,  velvety,  black  and  orange  species.  Head  vertical,  short. 
Collar  on  pronotum  prominent.  Osteolar  peritreme  small,  indistinct. 

One  species  was. collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 

Prepops  rubellicollis  (Knight) 

Fig.  17;  Map  1 

Platytylellus  rubellicollis  Knight,  19236:555. 
Prepops  rubellicollis'.  Carvalho,  1959:341. 

Length  6.6—7.7  mm;  width  2.3—2.9  mm.  Head  black,  base  orange. 
Pronotum  black,  collar  and  parts  of  calli  orange.  Scutellum  black. 
Hemelytra  black.  Ventral  surface  and  legs  black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  readily  separated  from  all  others  by  the 
velvety  texture  of  the  dorsal  surface,  by  the  large  size,  and  by  the  orange 
collar  (Fig.  17). 

Collected  on  wild  grape  in  Ontario  and  Quebec;  phytophagous.  The 
nymphs  appear  about  the  last  part  of  May  and  the  adults  about  the  end  of 
June.  The  adults  are  active  throughout  July,  and  gradually  die  out  by  the 
first  part  of  August. 

13 


Map  1.  Collection  localities  for  Prepops  rubellicollis. 
Map  2.  Collection  localities  for  Neurocolpus  nubilus. 
Map  3.  Collection  localities  for  Taedia  scrupea. 

Omnivorous,  collected  on  many  other  herbaceous  plants. 

Distribution.  Northern  half  of  USA;  British  Columbia,  Prairie  Pro- 
vinces, Ontario,  Quebec  (Map  1). 

Tribe  Mirini 

The  tribe  is  represented  by  10  genera  and  36  species.  Most  of  the 
species  are  phytophagous,  but  all  15  species  of  the  genus  Phytocoris  are 
predaceous. 

Key  to  genera  of  Mirini 

1.  First  antennal  segment  with  numerous  flattened  black  hairs  (Fig.  18)    

Neurocolpus  Reuter  (p.  15) 

First  antennal  segment  without  flattened  hairs    2 

2.  Pronotum  with  depressed  black  spots  behind  each  callus  (Figs.  19—22)    .... 

Taedia  Distant  (p.  18) 

Pronotum  without  depressed  black  spots    3 

3.  Species  black,  densely  pubescent;  second  antennal  segment  clavate  (Fig.  23) 

Capsus  Fabricius  (p.  24) 

Species  not  black;  second  antennal  segment  linear 4 

4.  Species  with  four  longitudinal  black  lines  on  dorsal  surface  (Fig.  24) 

Poecilocapsus  Reuter  (p.   24) 

Species  without  four  black  lines 5 


14 


5.  Carina  between  eyes  present 6 

Carina  between  eyes  absent 8 

6.  Eyes  nearly  spherical,  ventral  margin  of  eye  not  extending  below  antennal 

socket  (Fig.  11)  Lygidea  Reuter  (p.  28) 

Eyes  elliptic,  ventral  margin  extending  below  antennal  socket  (Fig.  12)  .  .    7 

7.  Pronotum  coarsely  punctate  (Figs.  27—31)    Lygus  Hahn  (p.  30) 

Pronotum  finely  punctate  (Figs.  32-39) Lygocoris  Reuter  (p.  41) 

8.  First  segment  of  hind  tarsus  longer  than  second  (Fig.  13)   

Stenotus  Jakovlev  (p.  58) 

First  segment  of  hind  tarsus  shorter  than  second  (Fig.  14)    9 

9.  Jugal  suture  extending  directly  to  antennal  socket  (Fig.  11);   lorum  not  tumid 

Calocoris  Fieber  (p.  61) 

Jugal  suture  extending  well  below  antennal  socket  (Fig.   12);  lorum  tumid 
Phytocoris  Fallen  (p.  65) 

Genus  Neurocolpus  Reuter 

Robust  species.  Head  oblique;  frons  elevated  and  separated  from 
clypeus  by  deep  notch;  eyes  large,  carina  between  them  absent.  First 
antennal  segment  stout  with  flattened  black  hairs.  Pronotum  and  hemely- 
tra  impunctate;  pubescence  silvery,  sericeous,  intermixed  with  simple 
hairs.  Legs  strongly  pilose. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 

Neurocolpus  nubilus  (Say) 

Fig.  18;  Map  2 

Capsus  nubilus  Say,  1832:22. 
Neurocolpus  nubilus:  Reuter,  1875^:70. 

Length  7.0—7.7  mm;  width  2.5-2.8  mm.  Head  light  brown;  frons 
often  marked  with  oblique  black  bars.  Rostrum  extending  to  hind  coxae. 
Pronotum  yellowish  brown  with  tufts  of  black,  erect  hairs  intermixed  with 
golden  hairs.  Hemelytra  mottled  beige  marked  with  dark  brown. 

Remarks.  The  species  is  distinguished  by  the  flattened  black  hairs 
on  the  first  antennal  segment  (Fig.  18). 

Collected  on  apple  in  Ontario  and  Quebec;  phytophagous.  Also 
collected  on  Rhus  typhina;  adults  may  readily  migrate  to  apple  trees  if 
growing  nearby.  Caesar  (1912)  and  Knight  (1922)  reported  the  species  as 
pest  of  apple  in  Ontario  and  New  York,  respectively. 

The  nymphs  appear  in  early  June  and  the  adults  in  early  July.  The 
adults  are  common  in  July,  and  gradually  die  out  by  mid-August. 

Distribution.  Mexico,  widespread  in  USA;  Manitoba,  Ontario, 
Quebec  (Map  2). 

15 


Fig.  17.  Prepops  rubellicollis 


16 


Fig.  18.  Neurocolpus  nubilus 


17 


Genus  Taedia  Distant 

Elongate,  robust  species.  Head  oblique;  eyes  large,  carina  between 
them  absent.  Pronotum  with  black  velvety  spot  behind  each  callus. 
Hemelytra  finely  punctate,  pubescence  sericeous,  mixed  with  simple 
hairs.  Legs  long,  slender. 

Two  species  were  collected.  Overwinter  in  the  egg  stage.  The  nymphs 
appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June.  The  adults  are 
common  in  early  July,  and  gradually  die  out  by  the  end  of  July. 


Key  to  species  of  Taedia 

1.   First  antennal  segment  and  tibiae  strongly  pilose  (Figs.  19,20,21)    

scrupea  (Say)  (p.  18) 

First  antennal  segment  and  tibiae  not  pilose  (Fig.  22)  

pallidula  (McAtee)  (p.  22) 


Taedia  scrupea  (Say) 

Fig.  19;  Map  3 

Capsus  scrupeus  Say,  1832; 23. 
Paracalocoris  scrupeus:  Reuter,  1909;39. 
Taedia  scrupeus:  Carvalho,  1952:15. 

Length  6.3—7.0  mm;  width  2.5—2.8  mm.  Head  yellow  marked  with 
brown.  First  antennal  segment  black,  strongly  pilose.  Pronotum  orange, 
calli  and  basal  margin  often  brown.  Scutellum  orange.  Hemelytra  black. 
Tibiae  black,  strongly  pilose. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  strongly  pilose  first 
antennal  segments  and  tibiae.  Many  varietal  names  exist;  in  addition  to 
the  typical  form  scrupea  (Fig.  19)  two  other  color  varieties,  bidens  (Fig.  20) 
and  varia  (Fig.  21),  have  been  collected. 

Collected  on  wild  grape  in  Ontario  and  Quebec;  phytophagous. 
McAtee  (1916)  reported  the  species  on  wild  apple  and  wild  cherry.  Blatch- 
ley  (1926)  reported  it  on  wild  grape.  Felt  (1915)  and  Knight  (1923/?) 
reported  the  species  on  cultivated  grape. 

Distribution.     Widespread  in  USA;  Ontario,  Quebec  (Map  3). 


18 


Fig.  19.  Taedia  scrupea 


19 


Fig.  20.  Taedia  scrupea  var.  bidens 


20 


Fig.  2 1 .  Taedia  scrupea  var.  varia 


21 


Taedia  pallidula  (McAtee) 

Fig.  22;  Map  4 

Paracalocoris  hawleyi  var.  pallidulus  McAtee,  1916:380. 
Paracalocoris  pallidulus:  Knight,  19306:822. 
Taedia  pallidulus:  Carvalho,  1959:262. 
Taedia  pallidula:  Kelton,  1980<~:57. 

Length  6.3-7.0  mm;  width  2.3-2.7  mm.  Head  brown,  clypeus 
darker;  frons  often  marked  with  oblique  black  bars.  First  antennal  seg- 
ment yellow  mottled  with  red.  Pronotum  brown.  Scutellum  brown,  longi- 
tudinal median  line  yellow.  Hemelytra  brown  with  several  small  yellow 
dots.  Tibiae  banded  with  red. 

Remarks.  The  brown  hemelytra  with  yellow  spotting  and  the  ab- 
sence of  pilose  hairs  on  the  first  antennal  segments  and  tibiae  readily 
distinguish  the  species  (Fig.  22). 

Collected  on  apple  in  Ontario  and  Quebec;  phytophagous.  Caesar 
(1912)  and  Knight  (1915)  referred  to  Paracalocoris  colon  (Say)  as  the  pest  of 
apple  in  Ontario  and  New  York,  respectively,  but  later  Knight  (1922, 
19306)  confirmed  the  identity  of  the  species  to  be  P.  pallidula. 


Map  4.  Collection  localities  for  Taedia  pallidula. 
Map  5.  Collection  localities  for  Capsus  ater. 


22 


Also  collected  on  Crataegus  chrysocarpa;  adults  readily  migrate  from  it 
to  apple  if  the  trees  are  growing  nearby. 

Distribution.     New  York,  North  Central  States,  Ohio;  Saskatch- 
ewan, Manitoba,  Ontario,  Quebec  (Map  4). 


Fig.  22.  Taedia  pallidula 


23 


Genus  Capsus  Fabricius 

Black,  shiny  species.  Head  oblique;  carina  between  eyes  absent; 
second  antennal  segment  clavate.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  punctate; 
pubescence  simple,  appressed. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


Capsus  ater  (Linnaeus) 

Fig.  23;  Map  5 

Cimex  ater  Linnaeus,  1758:447. 
Capsus  ater \  Fabricius,  1803:241. 
Capsus  flavipes  Provancher,  1872:104. 

Length  5.7—6.1  mm;  width  2.5—3.0  mm.  Head  black,  area  between 
eyes  often  pale;  second  antennal  segment  clavate.  Pubescence  on  hemely- 
tra simple,  silvery,  dense. 

Remarks.  Provancher  (1872)  first  reported  this  European  species 
in  North  America  as  Capsus  flavipes  and  later  (1886)  as  C.  ater.  It  is  readily 
distinguished  by  the  black  color  and  the  clavate  second  antennal  segment 
(Fig.  23). 

Collected  on  apple  in  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario,  and  British 
Columbia;  phytophagous.  The  species  is  known  to  breed  on  grasses,  but 
when  the  grass  is  cut  or  during  the  dry  season,  the  adults  readily  migrate 
to  the  fruit  trees  and  feed  on  the  foliage  or  fruit. 

The  nymphs  appear  in  early  May  and  the  adults  in  early  June,  often 
earlier.  The  adults  are  common  throughout  June  and  early  July,  and  die 
out  by  the  end  of  July. 

Distribution.  Alaska,  eastern  USA;  British  Columbia,  Ontario, 
Quebec,  Nova  Scotia  (Map  5). 


Genus  Poecilocapsus  Reuter 

Glabrous,  green  with  longitudinal  black  lines.  Head  vertical,  short; 
carina  between  eyes  absent.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  impunctate,  shiny. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


24 


Fig.  23.  Capsus  ater 


25 


Poecilocapsus  lineatus  (Fabricius) 

Fig.  24;  Map  6 

Lygaeus  lineatus  Fabricius,  1798:451. 
(lapsus  quadrivittatus  Say,  1832:20. 
Phytocoris  bellus  Emmons,  1854:30. 
Poecilocapsus  lineatus:  Reuter,  1875b: 74. 

Length  7.0—7.5  mm;  width  2.8-3.5  mm.  Head  brown;  clypeus  and 
antennae  black.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  yellowish  green  with  four  black 
longitudinal  lines.  Legs  green. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  yellowish  green  color 
with  four  black  lines  on  the  dorsum  (Fig.  4). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia;  on  rasp- 
berry and  wild  grape  in  Ontario;  phytophagous.  Lochhead  (1903)  re- 
ported the  species  as  a  pest  of  raspberry  and  Gibson  (1905)  as  a  pest  of 
currant  in  Ontario. 

Also  collected  on  Mentha  arvensis  and  many  other  plants,  including 
potato. 


Map  6.  Collection  localities  for  Poecilocapsus  lineatus. 
Map  7.  Collection  localities  for  Lygidea  mendax. 


Fig.  24.  Poecilocapsus  lineatus 


27 


Nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June.  The 
adults  are  common  from  mid-June  to  mid-July,  and  gradually  die  out  by 
mid-August. 

Distribution.  Widespread  in  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
Quebec,  Ontario,  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  (May  6). 


Genus  Lygidea  Reuter 

Elongate,  reddish  brown  species.  Head  nearly  vertical;  frons  smooth; 
eyes  nearly  spherical  positioned  above  antennal  sockets;  carina  between 
eyes  distinct.  Pronotum  coarsely  punctate,  calli  smooth.  Hemelytra 
coarsely  punctate,  pubescence  simple,  dense. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 

Lygidea  mendax  Reuter 

Figs.  11,  25;  Map  7 

Lygidea  mendax  Reuter,  1909:47. 

Length  6.2—6.5  mm;  width  2. 1—2.3  mm.  Head  red  or  orange;  clypeus 
and  antennae  black.  Pronotum  coarsely  punctate,  orange  red;  narrow 
basal  submargin  black.  Scutellum  red  marked  with  black.  Hemelytra 
mostly  brown,  coastal  margins  orange  red;  pubescence  golden.  Ventral 
surface  red,  hind  tibia  black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  coarsely  punctate 
pronotum  and  hemelytra,  by  the  red  or  orange  head,  pronotum,  and 
coastal  margins  on  the  hemelytra  (Fig.  25). 

Collected  on  apple  in  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Quebec,  and 
Ontario;  phytophagous.  This  species  was  reported  by  Caesar  (1912)  as  a 
pest  of  apple  in  Ontario,  by  Brittain  (1915a)  as  a  pest  of  apple  in  Nova 
Scotia;  by  MacNay  (1962)  as  a  pest  of  apple  in  New  Brunswick;  and  by 
Rivard  and  Paradis  (1978)  as  a  pest  of  apple  in  Quebec.  Knight  (1915, 
19416)  reported  it  as  a  serious  pest  of  apple  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
and  Michigan. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June. 
The  adults  are  common  from  mid-June  to  mid-July,  and  gradually  die  out 
by  the  end  of  July. 

Also  breeds  on  Crataegus  chrysocarpa,  and  the  adults  readily  migrate 
from  it  to  apple  trees  if  grown  nearby,  and  damage  the  fruit. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  and  north  central  USA;  Nova  Scotia, 
New  Brunswick,  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  7). 

28 


•f    I         l  -.-      ft    ■ '       .    1  -  \  « »    '         "•»•.'  ;.»  - 


'"7     »     / 


YUZYK.   1980 


'       r    I    V  - '    I 


Fig.  25.  Lygidea  mendax 


29 


Genus  Lygus  Hahn 

Elongate-oblong,  reddish  brown  species.  Head  oblique;  eyes  large, 
carina  between  them  prominent.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  coarsely  punc- 
tate. 

Six  species  were  collected.  The  adults  hibernate.  The  adults  emerge 
early  in  the  spring  and  commence  feeding  on  the  available  plants.  After 
mating,  the  females  oviposit  throughout  May,  June,  and  July.  The  first 
nymphs  appear  about  the  end  of  May,  the  majority  in  June  and  July.  The 
new  generation  adults  appear  about  the  end  of  June.  The  population  is  at 
the  maximum  at  the  end  of  June  when  the  overwintered  adults,  nymphs, 
and  new  generation  adults  are  present  together,  and  at  this  time  cause 
maximum  damage  to  fruit.  By  August  most  of  the  overwintered  adults  die 
out;  the  new  generation  adults  continue  to  feed  until  hibernation. 

For  other  species  in  North  America  see  Kelton  (1975). 


Key  to  species  of  Lygus 

1.  Frons  striate  or  grooved  (Fig.  26)   nubilus  Van  Duzee  (p.  30) 

Frons  smooth,  not  striate  or  grooved 2 

2.  Frons  with  submedian  oblique  bars  (Figs.  27,28) 3 

Frons  without  submedian  oblique  bars  (Figs.  29—31) 4 

3.  Pubescence  on  hemelytra  uniformly  yellow  (Fig.  27) 

lineolaris  (Palisot  de  Beauvois)  (p.  31) 

Pubescence  on  hemelytra  with  patches  of  silvery  hairs  (Fig.  28) 

plagiatus  Uhler  (p.  34) 

4.  Pubescence  on  hemelytra  long  and  dense  (Fig.  29)    

hesperus  Knight  (p.  36) 

Pubescence  on  hemelytra  short  and  sparse 5 

5.  Anterior  angles  of  pronotum  prominent  (Fig.  30)   .  .     varius  Knight  (p.  39) 
Anterior  angles  of  pronotum  rounded  (Fig.  31)  ....      shulli  Knight  (p.  41) 


Lygus  nubilus  Van  Duzee 

Fig.  26;  Map  8 

Lygus  distinguendus  var.  nubilus  Van  Duzee,  1914:20. 
Lygus  nubilus  Van  Duzee,  1917:350. 
Lygus  ultranubilus  Knight,  1917^:583. 
Lygus  epelys  Hussey,  1954:196. 

Length  4.3—5.5  mm;  width  1.8-2.3  mm.  Head  yellowish  brown;  frons 
striate.  Rostrum  1.5—2.0  mm  long.  Pronotum  yellowish  brown;  calli 
pubescent.  Mesoscutum  yellowish  or  light  reddish.  Hemelytra  yellowish 
mottled  with  dark  brown;  pubescence  long,  dense. 

30 


Map  8.  Collection  localities  for  Lygus  nubilus. 


Remarks.     This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  small  size,  short  ros- 
trum, pubescent  calli,  and  striate  frons  (Fig.  26). 

Collected  on  elderberry  in  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  Ontario,  and 
Quebec;  phytophagous. 

Distribution.     Western  USA,  Michigan,  Connecticut;  British  Co- 
lumbia, Alberta,  Ontario,  Quebec,  New  Brunswick  (Map  8). 


Lygus  lineolaris  (Palisot  de  Beauvois) 

Fig.  27;  Map  9 

Capsus  lineolaris  Palisot  de  Beauvois,  1818:187. 
Lygus  oblineatus  Say,  1832:21. 
Capsus  flavonotatus  Provancher,  1872:103. 
Lygus  lineolaris:  Uhler,  1872:413. 

Length  4.9-5.9  mm;  width  2.3-3.0  mm.  Head  yellowish  brown;  frons 
with  red  or  black  submedian  oblique  bars.  Mesoscutum  black,  lateral  areas 
pale  or  reddish.  Hemelytra  yellowish  or  reddish  brown;  pubescence  yel- 
low, long,  dense. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  submedian  oblique 
bars  on  the  frons,  by  the  pale  or  reddish  lateral  areas  on  the  mesoscutum, 
and  by  the  yellow,  long,  and  dense  pubescence  on  the  hemelytra  (Fig.  27). 


31 


Fig.  26.  Lygus  nubilus 


32 


Fig.  27.  Lygus  lineolaris 


33 


Map  9.  Collection  localities  for  Lygus  lineolaris. 


This  is  the  familiar  tarnished  plant  bug  and  it  is  the  most  common 
and  most  omnivorous  pest  of  fruit  crops  encountered  in  Canada  (Table 
1 ).  The  literature  on  the  pest  is  voluminous;  for  key  references  see  Kelton 
(1975). 


9). 


Distribution.     Widespread  in  USA;  all  provinces  of  Canada  (Map 


Lygus  plagiatus  Uhler 

Fig.  28;  Map  10 

Lygus  plagiatus  Uhler,  1895:35. 

Length  5.0-5.9  mm;  width  2.5-2.9  mm.  Head  light  brown;  clypeus, 
lorum,  and  jugum  marked  with  black;  frons  with  submedian  oblique 
black  bars.  Mesoscutum  black,  lateral  areas  red.  Hemelytra  dull  green 
mottled  with  black;  pubescence  long  and  dense,  yellow  and  white. 

Remarks.  The  markings  on  the  frons  are  similar  to  those  of  lineolar- 
is, but  the  mottled  appearance  of  the  hemelytra  readily  distinguish  this 
species  (Fig.  28). 

Collected  on  peach  and  pear  in  Ontario;  phytophagous.  The  species 
is  not  as  omnivorous  as  lineolaris  and  is  usually  found  on  Ambrosia  trifida. 

Distribution.  North  central  and  northeastern  USA;  Prairie  Pro- 
vinces, Ontario,  Quebec  (Map  10). 


34 


Table  1.     Tarnished  plant  bug  on  fruit  crops 


B.C.   Alta.  Sask.  Man.  Ont.  Que.  N.B.    N.S.  P.E.I.  Nfld. 


apple 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pear 

X 

X 

X 

X 

peach 

X 

X 

plum 

X 

X 

X 

X 

apricot 

X 

X 

sweet  cherry 

X 

X 

sour  cherry 

X 

X 

black  cherry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pin  cherry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

chokecherry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

raspberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

blackberry 

X 

thimbleberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

loganberry 

X 

currant 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

gooseberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

serviceberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

cranberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

viburnum 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

strawberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

blueberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

grape 

X 

X 

X 

elderberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

mulberry 

X 

35 


Map  10.  Collection  locality  for  Lygus  plagiatus. 
Map  1 1 .  Collection  localities  for  Lygus  hesperus. 


Lygus  hesperus  Knight 

Fig.  29;  Map  11 

Lygus  elisus  var.  hesperus  Knight,  19176:575. 
Lygus  hesperus:  Shull,  1933:1. 

Length  5.3—6.5  mm;  width  2.3-2.8  mm.  Head  yellowish  green.  Meso- 
scutum  black.  Hemelytra  yellowish  green,  apical  half  of  corium  often  red; 
pubescence  long,  dense. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  clear  frons,  and  by 
the  long  and  dense  pubescence  on  the  hemelytra  (Fig.  29). 

Collected  on  apple,  pear,  sweet  cherry,  plum,  peach,  raspberry, 
blackberry,  loganberry,  and  currant  in  British  Columbia;  phytophagous. 
Twinn  ( 1 939)  reported  it  as  a  pest  of  pear  and  peach  in  British  Columbia. 
It  also  feeds  on  a  great  variety  of  other  plants  including  alfalfa  and 
vegetable  crops. 

The  damage  to  fruit  crops  is  similar  to  that  oilineolaris.  It  is  perhaps 
the  most  common  species  of  Lygus  in  areas  where  agriculture  is  carried  on 
in  British  Columbia. 

Distribution.     Western  USA;  British  Columbia  (Map  11). 


36 


Fig.  28.  Lygus  plagiatus 


37 


Fig.  29.  Lygus  hesperus 


38 


Lygus  van  us  Knight 

Fig.  30;  Map  12 

Lygus  varius  Knight,  1944:473. 

Length  5.6—5.8  mm;  width  2.7-3.0  mm.  Head  light  yellowish  brown; 
irons  with  black  or  reddish  brown  inverted  "V".  Mesoscutum  black. 
Hemelytra  greenish  brown  to  dark  brown;  pubescence  short,  sparse. 

Remarks.  This  species  resembles  lineolaris  in  size  and  color  but  is 
easily  separated  from  it  by  the  inverted  "V"  on  the  frons,  by  the  black 
mesoscutum,  and  by  the  short  and  sparse  pubescence  on  the  hemelytra 
(Fig.  30). 

Cram  (in  litt.)  observed  the  adults  on  strawberry  in  British  Columbia 
where  they  caused  severe  fruit  deformity. 

Also  collected  on  many  other  plants. 

Distribution.  Western  USA;  Newfoundland,  Quebec,  Ontario, 
Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  British  Columbia  (Map  12). 


Map  12.  Collection  locality  for  Lygus  varius. 
Map  13.  Collection  localities  for  Lygus  shulli. 


39 


Fig.  30.  Lygus  varius 


40 


Lygus  shulli  Knight 

Fig.  31;  Map  13 

Lygus  shulli  Knight,  1941a:  272. 

Length  5.4—6.0  mm;  width  2.6—3.0  mm.  Head  yellowish  brown. 
Pronotum  yellowish  or  greenish  brown.  Mesoscutum  black.  Hemelytra 
greenish  yellow;  middle  of  clavus  and  apical  area  of  corium  dark  brown; 
pubescence  short,  sparse. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  easily  confused  with  hesperus  (Fig.  29)  as 
both  look  alike  and  have  similar  markings,  but  shulli  has  shorter  and 
sparser  pubescence  (Fig.  31). 

Collected  on  peach,  sweet  cherry,  blackberry,  loganberry,  and  thimb- 
leberry  in  British  Columbia;  phytophagous.  Twinn  (1938)  probably  re- 
ferred to  shulli  as  a  pest  of  pear,  and  Buckell  (1939)  as  a  pest  of  peach. 
Knight  (1941a)  reported  the  species  as  a  pest  of  peach  in  Washington, 
USA. 

Also  collected  on  many  other  plants. 

Distribution.  Western  USA;  Prairie  Provinces,  British  Columbia 
(Map  13). 

Genus  Lygocoris  Reuter 

Elongate-oblong,  green,  or  green  and  black  species.  Head  oblique; 
eyes  large,  carina  between  them  prominent.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra 
finely  punctate;  pubescence  simple,  long,  dense. 

Eight  species  were  collected.  Overwinter  in  the  egg  stage.  The 
nymphs  appear  in  early  May,  sometimes  earlier,  and  adults  about  the  first 
part  of  June.  The  adults  are  short-lived,  and  after  mating,  the  females 
oviposit  in  the  tender  new  growth;  by  the  end  of  July  most  of  them  die  out. 
Thus,  most  of  the  damage  to  fruit  crops  is  done  by  nymphs  in  May  and  by 
adults  in  June  and  early  July. 

For  other  species  in  North  America  see  Kelton  (1971/?). 


Key  to  species  of  Lygocoris 

1.  Head,  pleura,  abdomen,  and  hind  femora  strongly  marked  with  red;  pro- 

notum with  dark  ray  behind  each  callus  (Fig.  32);  male  claspers  (Fig.  40) 

communis  (Knight)  (p.  42) 

Head,  pleura,  abdomen,  and  hind  femora  green  or  marked  with  black  .  .    2 

2.  Pronotum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra  mostly  black  (Fig.  33);  male  claspers 

(Fig.  41)    caryae  (Knight)  (p.  43) 


41 


Pronotum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra  mostlv  green,  or  with  black  areas  (Figs. 
34-37) 3 

3.  Ventral  surface  mostly  green    4 

Ventral  surface  mostly  brown  or  black 5 

4.  Rostrum  1.7  mm  or  shorter;  male  claspers  (Fig.  42)    

inconspicuus  (Knight)  (p.  48) 

Rostrum  1.8  mm  or  longer;  male  claspers  (Fig.  43) 

belfragii  (Reuter)  (p.  50) 

5.  Second  antennal  segment  black  (Fig.  36);  male  claspers  (Fig.  44) 

knighti  Kelton  (p.  52 ) 

Second  antennal  segment  pale  green,  apex  black  (Figs.  37—39)    6 

6.  Rostrum  shorter  than  1.7  mm;  male  claspers  (Fig.  45)   

viburni  (Knight)  (p.  54) 

Rostrum  1.7  mm  or  longer 7 

7.  Pronotum  with  pale  green  calli  (Fig.  38);  male  claspers  (Fig.  46) 

omnivagus  (Knight)  (p.  54) 

Pronotum  with  dark  calli  (Fig.  39);  male  claspers  (Fig.  47)    

quercalbae  (Knight)  (p.  56) 


Lygocoris  communis  (Knight) 

Figs.  32,  40;  Map  14 

Lygus  communis  Knight,  1916:346. 

Neolygus  communis:  Knight,  19416:159. 

Lygocoris  (Neolygus)  communis:  Carvalho,  1959:141 


Map  14.  Collection  localities  for  Lygocoris  communis. 


42 


Length  5. 1-5.9  mm;  width  2.2-2.6  mm.  Head  yellowish  marked  with 
transverse  reddish  bars.  Pronotum  yellowish  green,  ray  behind  each 
callus  reddish  or  black.  Scutellum  yellowish,  median  line  usually  reddish. 
Hemelytra  mostly  reddish  brown.  Ventral  surface  greenish,  pleuron  and 
side  of  abdomen  reddish.  Femora  marked  with  red. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  commonly  known  as  the  pear  plant  bug.  It 
is  distinguished  by  the  reddish  bars  on  the  frons,  by  the  reddish  or  black 
rays  behind  the  calli  (Fig.  32),  by  the  reddish  pleuron,  abdomen,  and  hind 
femora,  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  40). 

This  species  is  an  important  pest  of  fruit  crops  like  the  tarnished  plant 
bug.  It  was  collected  on  all  fruit  crops  except  strawberry  and  blueberry 
(Table  2).  Brittain  (19156)  reported  the  species  (cited  asLygus  invitus)  as  a 
pest  of  apple  in  Nova  Scotia,  which  Knight  (1916)  described  as  communis. 

Distribution.  Transcontinental  in  USA;  British  Columbia,  Prairie 
Provinces,  Ontario,  Quebec,  Atlantic  Provinces  (Map  14). 


Lygocoris  caryae  (Knight) 

Figs.  33,  41;  Map  15 

Lygus  (Neolygus)  caryae  Knight,  19176:161. 

Neolygus  caryae  Knight,  19416:161. 

Lygocoris  (Neolygus)  caryae:  Carvalho,  1959:141. 

Length  4.9—5.8  mm;  width  1.9—2.4  mm.  Head  dark  brown;  second 
antennal  segment  black.  Pronotum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra  mostly 
black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  commonly  known  as  the  hickory  plant 
bug.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  black  color  (Fig.  33). 

Collected  on  peach  and  apricot  in  Ontario;  phytophagous.  Caesar 
(1920)  and  Knight  (19416)  reported  the  species  "catfacing"  peach  in 
Ontario,  and  in  New  York  and  Ohio,  respectively. 

Breeds  on  Carya  ovata;  adults  readily  migrate  to  orchard  trees  and 
feed  on  the  fruit,  especially  if  the  fruit  trees  are  nearby. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  15). 


43 


Fig.  3 1 .  Lygus  shulli 


44 


Fig.  32.  Lygocoris  communis 


45 


Table  2.     Pear  plant  bug  on  fruit  crops 


B.C.   Alta.  Sask.  Man.  Ont.  Que.  N.B.    N.S.  P.E.I.  Nfld. 


apple 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pear 

X 

X 

X 

X 

peach 

X 

X 

plum 

X 

X 

X 

X 

apricot 

X 

X 

sweet  cherry 

X 

X 

sour  cherry 

X 

X 

black  cherry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pin  cherrv 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

chokecherry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

raspberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

blackberry 

X 

thimbleberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

loganberry 

X 

currant 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

gooseberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

serviceberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

cranberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

viburnum 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

grape 

X 

X 

elderberry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

mulberry 

X 

46 


Fig.  33.  Lygocoris  caryae 


47 


Map  15.  Collection  localities  for  Lygocoris  caryae. 
Map  16.  Collection  localities  for  Lygocoris  inconspicuus. 


Lygocoris  inconspicuus  (Knight) 

Figs.  34,42;  Map  16 

Lygus  (Neolygus)  inconspicuus  Knight,  19176:612. 

Neolygus  inconspicuus  Knight,  1 94 1  b:  1 6 1 . 

Lygocoris  (Neolygus)  inconspicuus:  Carvalho,  1959:143. 

Length  4.2—4.8  mm;  width  1 .9-2.2  mm.  Head,  pronotum,  scutellum, 
and  hemelytra  green;  clavus  and  apical  corium  brown.  Ventral  surface 
green. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pattern  on  the 
hemelytra  (Fig.  34),  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  42). 

Collected  on  wild  grape  in  Quebec;  on  cultivated  grape  in  abandoned 
orchards  in  Ontario;  phytophagous. 

Also  collected  on  Fagus  grandifolia. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  16). 


48 


Fig.  34.  Lygocoris  inconspicuus 


49 


Lygocoris  belfragii  (Reuter) 

Figs.  35,  43;  Map  17 

Lygus  belfragii  Reuter,  18756:7 1 . 

Neolygus  belfragii'.  Knight,  19416:162. 

Lygocoris  (Neolygus)  belfragii:  Carvalho,  1959:141. 

Length  5.4—6.0  mm;  width  2.2-2.5  mm.  Head,  pronotum,  and 
scutellum  greenish  yellow.  Hemelytra  yellowish  green;  triangular  spot  at 
apex  of  corium  brown.  Ventral  surface  yellowish  green. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  yellowish  green  color, 
by  the  brown  spot  at  the  apex  of  corium  (Fig.  35),  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig. 
43). 

Collected  on  high  bush-cranberry  in  Manitoba;  on  high  bush- 
cranberry,  currant,  and  gooseberry  in  Ontario;  on  currant  and 
gooseberry  in  Quebec;  on  raspberry  in  the  Maritime  Provinces;  phy- 
tophagous. 

Also  collected  on  Coyylus  americana. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Maritime  Provinces,  Quebec,  Ontario, 
Manitoba  (Map  17). 


Map  17.  Collection  localities  for  Lygocoris  belfragii. 


50 


Fig.  35.  Lygocoris  belfragii 


51 


Ly go  con's  knight/  Kelton 

Figs.  36,  44;  Map  18 

Lygocoris  (Neolygus)  knighti  Kelton,  197  la:  1 107. 

Length  5.4-5.7  mm;  width  2.2-2.4  mm.  Head  green,  apex  of  clypeus 
black.  Second  antennal  segment  black.  Pronotum  green,  ray  behind  each 
callus  dark  brown.  Scutellum  green.  Hemelytra  pale  green;  clavus  and 
apical  half  of  corium  dark  brown.  Ventral  surface  light  green,  side  of 
abdomen  black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  black  second  anten- 
nal segment,  by  the  dark  brown  rays  behind  the  calli  (Fig.  36),  and  by  the 
claspers  (Fig.  44). 

Collected  on  high  bush-cranberry  in  Manitoba  and  Ontario;  phy- 
tophagous. 

Distribution.     Pennsylvania;  Manitoba,  Ontario  (Map  18). 


Map  18.  Collection  localities  for  Lygocoris  knighti  (m),  and  Lygocoris  viburni  (m). 


52 


Fig.  36.  Lygocoris  knighti 


53 


Lygocoris  viburni  (Knight) 

Figs.  37,  45;  Map  18 

Lygus  (Neolygus)  viburni  Knight,  19176:609. 

Neolygus  viburni  Knight,  19416:159. 

Lygocoris  (Neolygus)  viburni:  Carvalho,  1959:145. 

Length  4.7- 5 .4  mm;  width  2. 1-2.4  mm.  Head  yellowish  brown,  tip  of 
clypeus  brown;  frons  often  with  transverse  reddish  lines.  Pronotum  yel- 
lowish brown.  Scutellum  yellowish  brown,  median  longitudinal  line  red- 
dish. Hemelytra  mostly  dark  brown.  Ventral  surface  yellowish  green,  side 
of  abdomen  dark  brown. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  yellowish  brown  pro- 
notum and  scutellum,  by  the  dark  brown  hemelytra  (Fig.  37),  and  by  the 
claspers  (Fig.  45). 

Collected  on  Canada  plum,  wild  plum,  and  cultivated  plum  in 
abandoned  orchards  in  Ontario;  on  Canada  plum  in  Quebec  and  New 
Brunswick;  phytophagous. 

Also  collected  on  Viburnum  lentago. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  USA;  Prince  Edward  Island,  New 
Brunswick,  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  18). 


Lygocoris  omnivagus  (Knight) 

Figs.  38,  46;  Map  19 

Lygus  (Neolygus)  omnivagus  Knight,  19176:627. 

Neolygus  omnivagus  Knight,  19416:163. 

Lygocoris  (Neolygus)  omnivagus:  Carvalho,  1959:114. 

Length  4.9-5.6  mm;  width  2.1-2.4  mm.  Head  yellowish,  tip  of 
clypeus,  lorum,  and  jugum  brown.  Pronotum  yellowish,  area  behind 
callus  often  brown.  Scutellum  green.  Hemelytra  green;  clavus  and  apical 
half  of  corium  dark  brown.  Ventral  surface  pale  green,  side  of  abdomen 
dark  brown. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  green  pronotum  and 
scutellum,  by  the  pattern  on  the  hemelytra  (Fig.  38),  and  by  the  claspers 
(Fig.  46). 


54 


Fig.  37.  Lygocoris  viburni 


55 


Map  19.  Collection  localities  for  Lygocoris  omnivagus. 


Collected  on  high  bush-cranberry  in  Manitoba;  on  apple,  pear, 
peach,  apricot,  sweet  cherry,  sour  cherry,  and  mulberry  in  Ontario;  on 
Allegheny  serviceberry  in  Nova  Scotia;  phytophagous.  Ross  and  Caesar 
(1921)  reported  the  species  as  a  pest  of  peach  in  Ontario. 

Also  collected  on  Quercus  rubra,  Q.  alba,  Q.  macrocarp,  Tilia  americana, 
Carya  ovata,  and  Juglans  nigra;  adults  readily  migrate  to  orchard  trees  and 
feed  on  the  fruit,  especially  if  the  fruit  trees  are  nearby. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Quebec, 
Ontario,  Manitoba  (Map  17). 


Lygocoris  quercalbae  (Knight) 

Figs.  39,  47;  Map  20 

Lygus  (Neolgus)  quercalbae  Knight,  191 76:624. 

Neolygus  quercalbae  Knight,  19416:160. 

Lygocoris  (Neolygus)  quercalbae:  Carvalho,  1959:145. 

Length  4.7—5.7  mm;  width  2.1-2.5  mm.  Head  light  yellowish  brown 
marked  with  red.  Pronotum  yellowish  brown  marked  with  red,  calli  often 
brown.  Scutellum  green,  side  margins  brown.  Hemelytra  yellowish 
brown;  basal  half  of  corium  green.  Ventral  surface  reddish  brown. 

Remarks.  The  species  is  commonly  known  as  the  oak  bug.  It  is 
distinguished  by  the  red  markings  on  the  head  and  pronotum,  by  the 
brown  calli  (Fig.  39),  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  47). 


56 


Fig.  38.  Lygocoris  omnivagus 


57 


Map  20.  Collection  localities  for  Lygocoris  quercalbae. 


Collected  on  Allegheny  serviceberry  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  peach  in 
Ontario;  on  saskatoon  in  Manitoba;  phytophagous.  Caesar  (1920)  re- 
ported the  species  on  peach  in  Ontario. 

Breeds  on  Quercus  alba  and  Q.  rubra ;  adults  readily  migrate  to  orchard 
trees  and  feed  on  the  fruit,  especially  if  the  fruit  trees  are  nearby. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario, 
Manitoba  (Map  20). 


Genus  Stenotus  Jakovlev 

Elongate,  green  and  black  species.  Head  oblique;  eyes  large,  carina 
between  them  absent.  Hemelytra  finely  punctate,  pubescence  simple, 
dense.  First  tarsal  segment  longer  than  second. 

One  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  was  collected.  Overwinters  in 
the  egg  stage. 


Stenotus  binotatus  (Fabricius) 


Fig.  48;  Map  21 

Lygaeus  binotatus  Fabricius,  1794:172. 
Stenotus  binotatus:  Reuter,  1888:636. 


Fig.  39.  Lygocoris  quercalbae 


59 


44 


45 


Figs.  40-47.  Male  claspers  oi :  Lygocoris  spp.  40,    communis;  41,  caryae;  42,  incon- 
spicuus;  43,  belfragii;  44,  knighti;  45,  viburni;  46,  omnivagus;  47,  quercalbae. 


60 


Map  21.  Collection  localities  for  Stenotics  binotatus. 


Length  5.9—6.4  mm;  width  1.8—2.1  mm.  Head  green,  clypeus  and 
adjacent  frons  black.  Pronotum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra  green  or 
yellow;  stripe  extending  from  callus  to  base  of  cuneus  black.  Ventral 
surface  green. 

Remarks.  Osborn  (1892)  first  listed  this  European  species  from 
North  America.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  two  black  stripes  on  the  hemely- 
tra (Fig.  48). 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  apple,  pear,  plum, 
peach,  and  sweet  cherry  in  Ontario  and  British  Columbia. 

Breeds  on  orchard  grasses,  but  when  the  grasses  are  cut  or  during  the 
dry  season  the  adults  migrate  to  fruit  trees  and  feed  on  the  foliage  or  fruit. 

The  nymphs  appear  in  May  or  earlier  and  the  adults  in  June.  By  the 
end  of  July  most  of  the  adults  die  out. 

Distribution.  Holarctic;  transcontinental  in  USA;  Nova  Scotia, 
Quebec,  Ontario,  Manitoba,  British  Columbia  (Map  21). 


Genus  Calocoris  Fieber 

Robust,  green  species.  Head  oblique;  carina  between  eyes  absent. 
Pronotum  finely  rugose.  Hemelytra  finely  punctate;  pubescence  of  two 
types,  sericeous  hairs  intermixed  with  simple  black  hairs.  Genital  segment 
with  stout  tubercle  near  base  of  left  clasper. 


61 


One  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  was  collected.  Overwinters  in 
the  egg  stage. 


Calocoris  norvegicus  (Gmelin) 

Fig.  49;  Map  22 

Cimex  norvegicus  Gmelin,  1788:2176. 
Calocoris  bipunctatus  Provancher,  1886:114. 
Calocoris  norvegicus:  Reuter,  1888:232. 

Length  7.1—7.5  mm;  width  2.6-3.0  mm.  Head  yellowish  green.  First 
antennal  segment  green,  often  marked  with  black;  second  segment 
greenish  brown.  Pronotum  green,  spot  behind  each  callus  black. 
Scutellum  green.  Hemelytra  green;  in  older  males  clavus  and  corium 
often  tinged  with  reddish  brown.  Legs  green,  femora  spotted  with  black. 

Remarks.  Provancher  (1886)  first  reported  this  European  species 
from  Quebec.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  robust  size,  by  the  two  black  spots 
on  the  pronotum,  and  by  the  green  or  reddish  brown  hemelytra  (Fig.  49). 
The  tubercle  on  the  genital  segment  near  the  base  of  each  clasper  is 
present. 

Collected  on  strawberry  in  Prince  Edward  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  New 
Brunswick,  and  British  Columbia;  phytophagous.  Pickett  (1943)  reported 
it  as  a  pest  of  strawberry  in  Nova  Scotia. 


Map  22.  Collection  localities  for  Calocoris  norvegicus. 


62 


YU7YK.   1980 


Fig.  48.  Stenotus  binotatus 


63 


1 

YUZYK     1980    \ 


Fig.  49.  Calocoris  norvegicus 


64 


Also  collected  on  many  other  plants. 

The  nymphs  appear  in  June  and  the  adults  in  July.  By  mid- August 
most  of  the  adults  die  out. 

Distribution.     Holarctic;  northeastern  USA;  Maritime  Provinces, 
British  Columbia  (Map  22). 


Genus  Phytocoris  Fallen 

Elongate,  parallel  species.  Head  oblique,  short,  lora  inflated;  eyes 
large  and  prominent,  carina  between  them  absent.  Pronotum  impunc- 
tate.  Pubescence  of  two  types,  appressed  sericeous  hairs  intermixed  with 
simple  slanting  hairs.  Legs  long  and  slender. 

The  genus  is  large  and  contains  many  species  that  are  similar  in 
appearance,  and  the  females  are  difficult  to  identify.  The  males  may  be 
identified  with  certainty  by  the  shape  of  the  claspers,  and  the  females  by 
association  with  the  males. 

Fifteen  species  were  collected,  one  introduced  from  Europe.  Over- 
winter in  the  egg  stage.  The  nymphs  appear  in  June  and  the  adults  in  July. 
By  the  end  of  August  most  of  the  adults  die  out.  The  species  are  pre- 
daceous  on  all  soft-bodied  arthropods  found  on  the  host  plants. 


Key  to  species  of  Phytocoris 

1.  Wing  membrane  speckled  with  dark  spots,  or  with  pale  spots  (Figs.  50—55) 

2 

Wing  membrane  marbled  (Figs.  56,57)   8 

2.  First  antennal  segment  greatly  thickened  (Fig.  50);  claspers  (Fig.  56) 

lasiomerus  Reuter  (p.  66) 

First  antennal  segment  slender  (Fig.  51) 3 

3.  Yellow  species;  head,  pronotum,  and  hemelytra  speckled  with  red;  scutellum 

inflated,  with  red  spot  each  side  near  apex  (Fig.  51)  

interspersus  Uhler  (p.  67) 

Brown  or  gray  species;  scutellum  not  inflated 4 

4.  Clypeusjugum,  and  lorum  yellow,  without  dark  markings;  claspers  (Fig.  59) 

sulcatus  Knight  (p.  70) 

Clypeus,  jugum,  and  lorum  with  dark  markings 5 

5.  First  antennal  segment  reddish  brown  with  few  small,  pale  spots;  femora 

mostly  reddish  brown  (Fig.  52);  claspers  (Fig.  60)    

corticevivens  Knight  (p.  70) 

First  antennal  segments  with  large  pale  areas;  femora  mostly  pale  with  large 
connected  brown  areas  (Fig.  53)   6 

6.  Second  antennal  segment  with  pale  band  at  base  only  (Fig.  53);  left  clasper 

(Fig.  61)   gracillatus  Knight  (p.  71) 

Second  antennal  segment  with  pale  band  at  base  and  middle    (Figs.  54,55) 
7 


65 


7.  Tubercle  on  genital  segment  near  base  of  left  clasper  present  (Fig.  62)  .  .  . 

conspurcatus  Knight  (p.  74) 

Tubercle  on  genital  segment  near  base  of  left  clasper  absent;  claspers  (Fig. 
63)  dimidiatus  (Kirschbaum)  (p.  76) 

8.  Head  pale  green,  lorum  black;  pronotum  black,  basal  margin  pale  green; 

hemelytra  mostly  green  (Fig.  56);  right  clasper  (Fig.  64)    

nigricollis  Knight  (p.  76) 

Head  grav  or  reddish  brown;  pronotum  and  hemelytra  mostly  brown    .  .  . 
..... 9 

9.  Rostrum  shorter  than  2.8  mm   10 

Rostrum  2.8  mm  or  longer 12 

10.  Rostrum  shorter  than  2.4  mm,  scarcely  extending  beyond  hind  coxae;  right 

clasper  (Fig.  65)   husseyi  Knight  (p.  77) 

Rostrum  longer  than  2.5  mm,  extending  far  beyond  hind  coxae 11 

1 1 .  Left  clasper  with  large  knobbed  process  near  base;  right  clasper  curved  with 

short  knob  near  base  (Fig.  66)  erectus  Van  Duzee  (p-  80) 

Left  clasper  with  short  pointed  process  near  base;  right  clasper  straight  and 
forked  (Fig.  67)    canadensis  Van  Duzee  (p.  81) 

12.  Second  antennal  segment  mostly  pale,  black  at  apex  and  near  base  (Fig.  57); 

process  at  base  of  right  clasper  rounded  (Fig.  68)    

salicis  Knight  (p.  81) 

Second  antennal  segment  black,  pale  only  at  base    13 

13.  Rostrum  2.9  mm  or  longer;  process  at  base  of  right  clasper  triangular 

(Fig.  69)   onustus  Van  Duzee  (p.  83) 

Rostrum  shorter  than  2.9  mm  14 

14.  Process  at  base  of  right  clasper  short  (Fig.  70)  .  .      neglectus  Knight  (p.  85) 
Process  at  base  of  right  clasper  slender  (Fig.  71) 

cortitectus  Knight  (p.  86 ) 


Phytocoris  lasiomerus  Reuter 

Figs.  50,  58;  Map  23 

Phytocoris  scrupeus  Provancher,  nee  Say,  1886:108. 
Phytocoris  annulicornis  Osborn,  1892:123  (n.  preoc). 
Phytocoris  lasiomerus  Reuter,  1909:34. 

Length  7.3-8.0  mm;  width  2.1-2.2  mm.  Head  yellowish  brown 
marked  with  red.  First  antennal  segment  thickened  with  long,  black 
bristles;  second  segment  pale  yellow,  apical  one  fourth  black.  Pronotum, 
scutellum,  and  hemelytra  yellowish  brown,  often  with  reddish  tinge; 
simple  hairs  black  and  light  brown. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  thickened  first  anten- 
nal segment  (Fig.  50)  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  58).  A  tubercle  on  the 
genital  segment  near  the  base  of  each  clasper  is  present. 

Collected  on  apple  in  Ontario  and  Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  peach, 
and  cherry  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on  aphids.  Braimah  et  al. 
(1981)  observed  the  species  on  apple  in  Quebec. 


66 


Map  23.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  lasiomerus. 


Also  collected  on  many  herbaceous  plants  infested  with  aphids. 

Distribution.     Northern  USA;  British  Columbia,  Prairie  Provinces, 
Ontario,  Quebec  (Map  23). 


Phytocoris  interspersus  Uhler 

Fig.  51;  Map  24 

Phytocoris  interspersus  Uhler,  1895:32. 

Length  6.4—6.8  mm;  width  2.1-2.2  mm.  Head  yellow  often  marked 
with  red.  First  antennal  segment  slender  with  few  red  spots,  second 
segment  yellow.  Pronotum  yellow,  older  specimens  marked  with  red. 
Scutellum  yellow,  inflated,  spot  on  each  side  near  apex  red.  Hemelytra 
yellow  irrorate  with  red;  simple  pubescence  pale  yellow.  Legs  yellow, 
femora  often  marked  with  red. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  overall  yellow  color 
often  irrorate  with  red,  and  by  the  inflated  scutellum  with  red  dots  near 
apex  (Fig.  51).  There  are  no  tubercles  on  the  genital  segment. 

Collected  on  peach  and  sweet  cherry  in  British  Columbia;  pre- 
daceous  on  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Shepherdia  canadensis  and  Quercus  spp.  infested  with 
aphids. 

Distribution.     Western  USA;  British  Columbia  (Map  24). 


67 


Fig.  50.  Phy  toe  oris  lasiomerus 


68 


Fig.  51.  Phytocoris  interspersus 


69 


Map  24.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  interspersus  (%),  and  Phytocoris sulcatus  (m). 


Phytocoris  sulcatus  Knight 

Fig.  59;  Map  24 

Phytocoris  sulcatus  Knight,  1920:64. 

Length  5.6-6.1  mm;  width  1.8-1.9  mm.  Head  yellow  below  ventral 
margins  of  eyes,  brown  above.  Rostrum  2.8—3.1  mm  long.  First  antennal 
segment  brown  marked  with  yellow  spots;  second  segment  brown,  base 
and  middle  yellow.  Pronotum  brown,  ray  behind  callus  and  usually  four 
spots  along  subbasal  margin  black.  Scutellum  brown,  longitudinal  median 
line  yellow  margined  with  black.  Hemelytra  gray  marked  with  black;  apex 
of  corium  with  large  gray  spot;  simple  hairs  black.  Legs  pale  marked  with 
black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  lower  half  of  the 
head,  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  59).  The  tubercle  on  the  genital  segment 
near  the  base  of  each  clasper  is  present. 

Collected  on  apple,  pear,  peach,  apricot,  sweet  cherry,  and  mulberry 
in  Ontario;  predaceous  on  aphids,  mites,  and  other  small  arthropods. 

Distribution.     Eastern  and  north  central  USA;  Ontario  (Map  24). 


Phytocoris  corticevivens  Knight 

Figs.  52,  60;  Map  25 
Phytocoris  corticevivens  Knight,  1920:63. 


70 


Length  6.6—6.8  mm;  width  2.3-2.5  mm.  Head  brown,  bar  next  to  eye 
on  vertex  yellow.  First  antennal  segment  long  and  slender,  reddish 
brown,  with  several  pale  spots;  second  segment  reddish  brown,  base  and 
narrow  area  at  middle  pale.  Pronotum  dark  brown.  Scutellum  dark 
brown,  median  longitudinal  line  pale.  Hemelytra  dark  brown;  rounded 
spot  at  apex  of  corium  pale;  simple  hairs  black.  Femora  mostly  brown. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  long  and  slender  first 
antennal  segment,  by  the  overall  dark  brown  color  (Fig.  52),  and  by  the 
claspers  (Fig.  60).  A  tubercle  on  the  genital  segment  near  the  base  of  each 
clasper  is  present. 

Collected  on  the  trunks  of  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec, 
and  Ontario,  usually  hiding  in  the  crevices  of  the  bark;  predaceous  on  all 
small  arthropods. 

Distribution.  Texas,  north  central  and  northeastern  USA;  Ontar- 
io, Quebec,  Nova  Scotia  (Map  25). 


Phytocoris  gracillatus  Knight 

Figs.  53,  61;  Map  25 
Phytocoris  gracillatus  Knight,  1968:229. 


Map  25.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  corticevivens  (•),  and  Phytocoris  gracillatus 

(m). 


71 


YUZVK.   1980 


Fig.  52.  Phytocoris  corticevivens 


72 


YUZYK   I960 


Fig.  53.  Phytocoris  gracillatus 


73 


Length  6.5—7.0  mm;  width  1.9—2.2  mm.  Head  gray  marked  with 
black.  First  antennal  segment  pale  on  ventral  surface,  dorsal  surface 
mottled  with  black;  second  segment  dark  brown  with  pale  band  at  base. 
Pronotum  gray  mottled  with  black.  Scutellum  gray,  lateral  margins  black. 
Hemelytra  gray  mottled  with  black.  Legs  pale  marked  with  black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  overall  mottled  gray 
appearance  (Fig.  53)  and  by  the  left  clasper  (Fig.  61).  There  are  no 
tubercles  on  the  genital  segment. 

Collected  on  apple  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Rosa  nutcana  and  Artemisia  tridentata. 

Distribution.     Western  USA;  British  Columbia  (Map  25). 


Phytocoris  conspurcatus  Knight 

Figs.  54,  62;  Map  26 

Phytocoris  conspurcatus  Knight,  1920:61. 

Length  5.7—5.9  mm;  width  2.1—2.3  mm.  Head  gray  marked  with 
brown  and  reddish  brown.  First  antennal  segment  gray  mottled  with 
black;  second  segment  dark  brown  with  white  band  at  base  and  middle. 
Pronotum  gray,  subbasal  margin  often  black.  Hemelytra  gray  marked 
with  brown;  sericeous  pubescence  white  and  black,  simple  hairs  black. 


Map  26.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  conspurcatus. 


YUZYK.    1980        / 


Fig.  54.  Phytocoris  conspurcatus 


75 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  black  and  white 
sericeous  hairs,  by  the  banded  second  antennal  segment  (Fig.  54),  and  by 
the  claspers  (Fig.  62).  A  tubercle  on  the  genital  segment  near  the  base  of 
each  clasper  is  present. 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Quebec;  on  apple, 
pear,  and  mulberry  in  Ontario;  on  apple,  peach,  and  sweet  cherry  in 
British  Columbia;  predaceous  on  aphids,  mites,  and  other  small  arthro- 
pods. Patterson  and  Neary  (1952)  reported  the  species  on  apple  in  Nova 
Scotia.  Braimah  et  al.  ( 1 98 1 )  observed  the  species  on  apple  in  Quebec.  The 
adults  often  hide  in  the  crevices  on  the  bark. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Prairie 
Provinces,  British  Columbia  (Map  26). 


Phytocoris  dimidiatus  (Kirschbaum) 

Figs.  55,  63;  Map  27 

Phytocoris  dimidiatus  Kirschbaum,  1855:199. 

Length  6.3—6.9  mm;  width  2.2—2.4  mm.  Head  gray  marked  with 
brown.  First  antennal  segment  pale  on  ventral  surface,  dorsal  surface 
mottled  with  brown;  second  segment  dark  brown  with  white  band  at  base 
and  middle.  Pronotum  gray,  lateral  and  subbasal  margins  black.  Hemely- 
tra  brown;  apex  of  corium  with  triangular  pale  area;  sericeous  pubes- 
cence silvery,  simple  pubescence  black. 

Remarks.  Knight  ( 1 9236)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
Nova  Scotia.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  triangular  area  on  the  apical 
corium,  by  the  banded  second  antennal  segment  (Fig.  55),  and  by  the 
claspers  (Fig.  63).  There  are  no  tubercles  on  the  genital  segment. 

Collected  on  apple,  pear,  and  plum  in  Nova  Scotia;  predaceous  on 
aphids. 

Distribution.     Holarctic;  Nova  Scotia  (Map  27). 


Phytocoris  nigricollis  Knight 

Figs.  56,  64;  Map  28 

Phytocoris  nigricollis  Knight,  19236:636. 

Length  5.1-5.3  mm;  width  1.6-1.9  mm.  Head  pale  green,  lorum 
black.  First  antennal  segment  pale  on  ventral  surface,  dorsal  surface 
mottled  with  brown;  second  segment  dark  brown  with  white  band  at  base. 
Pronotum  black,  basal  margin  pale  green,  diagonal  bar  each  side  of 

76 


Map  27.  Collection  locality  for  Phytocoris  dimidiatus. 
Map  28.  Collection  locality  for  Phytocoris  nigricollis. 
Map  29.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  husseyi. 


median  line  at  middle  black.  Hemelytra  pale  green  with  black  markings; 
pubescence  silvery  on  pale  areas,  black  on  black  areas. 

Remarks.  This  is  the  only  pale  green  species  encountered.  It  is 
distinguished  by  the  pale  green  head,  the  black  pronotum,  the  green 
hemelytra  (Fig.  56),  and  the  right  clasper  (Fig.  64).  A  short  tubercle  on  the 
genital  segment  near  the  base  of  each  clasper  is  present. 


Collected  on  Malus  pumila  in  Nova  Scotia;  predaceous  on  aphids  and 


mites. 


28). 


Distribution.     New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina;  Nova  Scotia  (Map 


Phytocoris  husseyi  Knight 

Fig.  65;  Map  29 

Phytocoris  husseyi  Knight,  19236:639. 

Length  5.2-5.9  mm;  width  1 .9-2. 1  mm.  Head  gray  marked  with  dark 
brown.  Rostrum  2.2—2.3  mm  long.  First  antennal  segment  black  with 
several  white  spots;  second  segment  brown  with  pale  band  at  base.  Pro- 
notum gray,  lateral  and  subbasal  margins  black.  Scutellum  gray,  diagonal 
bar  each  side  of  middle  black.  Hemelytra  gray  mottled  with  black; 
sericeous  pubescence  occurs  in  clumps. 


77 


Fig.  55.  Phytocoris  dimidiatus 


78 


YUZYK   1980 


Fig.  56.  Phytocoris  nigricollis 


79 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  mottled  appearance 
of  the  hemelytra  and  by  the  straight  right  clasper  (Fig.  65).  A  short 
tubercle  on  the  genital  segment  near  the  base  of  each  clasper  is  present. 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Quebec  and  Nova  Scotia;  predaceous 
on  aphids  and  mites. 

Distribution.     Minnesota,  Ohio;  Quebec  (Map  29). 


Phytocoris  e rectus  Van  Duzee 

Fig.  66;  Map  30 

Phytocoris  erectus  Van  Duzee,  1920:345. 

Length  5.4—5.8  mm;  width  1.9-2.2  mm.  Head  yellowish  brown 
marked  with  reddish  brown.  Rostrum  2.5—2.7  mm  long.  First  antennal 
segment  pale  on  ventral  surface,  dorsal  surface  mottled  with  brown; 
second  segment  brown  with  pale  band  at  base.  Pronotum  light  brown,  calli 
and  collar  marked  with  reddish  brown.  Hemelytra  gray  shaded  with 
brown;  apical  area  of  corium  with  dark  brown  oblique  area,  and  large  gray 
area  just  behind;  sericeous  hairs  silvery,  simple  hairs  golden. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  dark  brown  oblique 
area  on  apical  corium  and  by  the  right  clasper  (Fig.  66).  A  short  tubercle 
on  the  genital  segment  above  the  left  clasper  is  present. 


Map  30.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  erectus. 
Map  3 1 .  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  canadensis. 


80 


Collected  on  apple  in  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  and  Ontario;  predaceous 
on  mites  and  aphids.  MacLellan  (1972)  probably  observed  this  species 
preying  on  codling  moth  larvae  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Also  collected  on  Salix  spp. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Sas- 
katchewan (Map  30). 


Phytocoris  canadensis  Van  Duzee 

Fig.  67;  Map  31 

Phytocoris  canadensis  Van  Duzee,  1920:346. 

Length  5.2—5.7  mm;  width  1.8—2.0  mm.  Head  yellowish  brown 
marked  with  reddish  brown.  Rostrum  2.5—2.7  mm  long.  First  antennal 
segment  pale  on  ventral  surface,  dorsal  surface  mottled  with  reddish 
brown;  second  segment  brown  with  pale  band  at  base.  Pronotum  light 
brown,  collar  and  calli  marked  with  orange  or  red;  subbasal  margin  with 
six  black  spots.  Hemelytra  gray  shaded  with  brown;  corium  with  markings 
and  pubescence  similar  to  that  of  erectus. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  similar  to  erectus  in  appearance  but  may  be 
separated  from  it  by  differences  in  the  claspers  (Fig.  67).  The  right  clasper 
has  a  long  and  slender  basal  process.  There  are  no  tubercles  on  the  genital 
segment. 

Collected  on  choke  cherry  in  Prince  Edward  Island;  on  apple  in  Nova 
Scotia  and  Quebec;  on  apple,  currant,  and  gooseberry  in  Ontario;  pre- 
daceous on  aphids.  MacLellan  (1972)  probably  observed  this  species 
preying  on  the  codling  moth  eggs  and  larvae  in  Nova  Scotia. 


31). 


Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map 

Phytocoris  salicis  Knight 

Figs.  57,  68;  Map  32 

Phytocoris  salicis  Knight,  1920:56. 

Length  5.6-6. 1  mm;  width  2. 1-2.3  mm.  Head  yellowish  marked  with 
brown.  Rostrum  2.6-2.8  mm  long.  First  antennal  segment  pale  on  ventral 
surface,  dorsal  surface  mottled  with  brown;  second  segment  mostly  yel- 
low, black  near  base  and  apex.  Pronotum  yellowish  brown,  collar  and  calli 
marked  with  red,  lateral  margins  black,  subbasal  margin  with  several 
black  spots.  Scutellum  mostly  pale  brown.  Hemelytra  light  brown  mottled 
with  black;  sericeous  pubescence  silvery,  simple  hairs  golden. 

81 


Fig.  57.  Phytocoris  salicis 


82 


Map  32.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  salicis. 
Map  33.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  onustus. 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  uniformly  mottled 
hemelytra  (Fig.  57)  and  by  the  differences  in  the  claspers  (Fig.  68).  A  short 
tubercle  on  the  genital  segment  near  the  base  of  each  clasper  is  present. 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Quebec  and  Ontario;  predaceous  on 
aphids  and  mites. 

Also  collected  on  Salix  spp. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Quebec,  Ontario,  Prairie  Provinces 
(Map  32). 


Phytocoris  onustus  Van  Duzee 

Fig.  69;  Map  33 

Phytocoris  onustus  Van  Duzee,  1920:344. 

Length  6.0-7.2  mm;  width  2.3-2.5  mm.  Head  marked  with  black. 
Rostrum  2.9-3.1  mm  long.  First  antennal  segment  pale  on  ventral  sur- 
face, dorsal  surface  mottled  with  brown;  second  segment  black  with  pale 
band  at  base.  Pronotum  brown,  subbasal  margin  black  interrupted  by  pale 
spaces.  Hemelytra  mottled  with  brown;  inner  apical  area  pale;  sericeous 
hairs  in  clumps,  silvery;  simple  hairs  black. 


83 


Figs.  58-71.  Male  claspers  of  Phytocoris  spp.  58,  lasiomerus;  59,  sulcatus;  60,  cortice- 
vivens;  61,  gracillatus;  62,  conspurcatus;  63,  dimidiatus;  64,  nigricollis;  65,  husseyi;  66, 
erectus;  67,  canadensis;  68,  salicis;  69,  onustus;  70,  neglectus;  71,  cortitectus. 


84 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  long  rostrum,  by  the 
pale  band  at  the  base  of  second  antennal  segment,  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig. 
69).  There  are  no  tubercles  on  the  genital  segment. 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  apple,  pear,  and 
mulberry  in  Ontario,  usually  on  trunks  hiding  in  crevices;  predaceous  on 
small  arthropods. 


33). 


Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Ontario,  Manitoba  (Map 


Phytocoris  neglectus  Knight 

Fig.  70;  Map  34 

Phytocoris  neglectus  Knight,  1920:30. 

Length  6.1—6.5  mm;  width  2.1—2.3  mm.  Head  brown  marked  with 
darker  brown.  Rostrum  2.8—2.9  mm  long.  First  antennal  segment  pale  on 
ventral  surface,  dorsal  surface  mottled  with  brown;  second  segment 
brown  with  pale  band  at  base.  Pronotum  light  brown,  subbasal  margin 
darker  brown.  Scutellum  light  brown,  diagonal  bar  near  middle  brown. 
Hemelytra  light  brown  mottled  with  brown,  oblique  bar  on  apical  corium 
brown;  sericeous  hairs  silvery,  simple  hairs  black. 


Map  34.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  neglectus. 


85 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  oblique  brown  mark 
on  the  apical  corium  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  70).  There  are  no  tubercles 
on  the  genital  segment. 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  and  Ontario;  on 
apple,  pear,  peach,  and  sweet  cherry  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on 
aphids,  psyllids,  and  mites.  Knight  (1941Z>)  observed  the  species  preying 
on  psocids  in  New  York. 

Also  collected  on  Picea  glauca  and  Abies  balsamea. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Prairie 
Provinces,  British  Columbia  (Map  34). 


Phytocoris  cortitectus  Knight 

Fig.  71;  Map  35 

Phytocoris  cortitectus  Knight,  1920:55. 

Length  6.0—6.2  mm;  width  2.0—2.2  mm.  Head  marked  with  brown. 
Rostrum  2.8—3.0  mm  long.  First  antennal  segment  pale  on  ventral  sur- 
face, dorsal  surface  mottled  with  brown;  second  segment  brown  with  pale 
band  at  base.  Pronotum  light  brown,  subbasal  margin  with  four  con- 
nected black  spots;  collar  marked  with  reddish  orange.  Scutellum  yellow, 
oblique  bar  each  side  near  apex  reddish  brown.  Hemelytra  mottled  with 
brown;  apex  of  corium  with  large  opaque  spot. 


Map  35.  Collection  localities  for  Phytocoris  cortitectus. 
Map  36.  Collection  locality  for  Ceratocapsus  pilosulus. 


86 


Remarks.     This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  long  rostrum  and  by 
the  right  clasper  (Fig.  71).  There  are  no  tubercles  on  the  genital  segment. 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia;  predaceous  on  aphids 
and  mites. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Ontario  (Map  35). 


Subfamily  Orthotylinae  Van  Duzee 

The  following  are  the  subfamily  characteristics:  1)  large,  free  parem- 
podia,  converging  at  apices;  2)  small  and  depressed  collar;  and  3)  flexible 
ductus  seminis,  without  membranous  lobes,  with  or  without  spicula. 

The  subfamily  is  represented  by  2  tribes,  9  genera,  and  16  species. 
Fourteen  species  are  predaceous,  two  are  phytophagous. 


Key  to  tribes  of  Orthotylinae 

1.   Hemelytra  without  transverse  bands  of  silvery,  sericeous  pubescence 

Orthotylini  (p.  87) 

Hemelytra  with  transverse  bands  of  silvery,  sericeous  pubescence  (Fig.  88)  . . . 
Pilophorini  (p.  116) 


Tribe  Orthotylini 

The  tribe  is  represented  by  eight  genera  and  13  species.  Eleven 
species  are  predaceous,  two  are  phytophagous. 


Key  to  genera  of  Orthotylini 

1.  Antennal  segments  3  and  4  thickened,  as  thick  as  apex  of  second  (Figs.  72—77) 

Ceratocapsus  Reuter  (p.  88) 

Antennal  segments  3  and  4  thinner,  thinner  than  apex  of  second  segment   . . 
2 

2.  Second  antennal  segment  greatly  inflated  (Fig.  78)    

Heterotoma  Le  Peletier  &  Serville  (p.  99) 

Second  antennal  segment  not  inflated   3 

3.  Hemelytra  with  scaly  pubescence  (Figs.  79,88) 

Heterocordylus  Fieber  (p.  101) 

Hemelytra  without  scaly  pubescence 4 

4.  Red  species  with  black  legs  (Fig.  81) Lopidea  Uhler  (p.  104) 

Green  species  with  green  legs 5 

5.  Head  black  (Fig.  82)    Paraproba  Distant  (p.  104) 

Head  green  or  yellow 6 

87 


6.  Pronotum  with  basal  angles  black;  bases  of  tibiae  with  black  spots  (Fig.  83) 

Blepharidopterus  Kolenati  (p.  106) 

Pronotum  all  green;  bases  of  tibiae  without  black  spots    7 

7.  Delicate  slender  species;  eyes  near  middle  of  head  (Fig.  84)  

Diaphnocoris  Kelton  (p.  1 1 0 ) 

Robust  species;  eyes  adjacent  to  pronotum  (Figs.  85,86) 

Orthotylus  Fieber  (p.  112) 


Genus  Ceratocapsus  Reuter 

Elongate  or  oval,  dark  brown  species.  Head  oblique,  basal  margin 
overlaps  apical  portion  of  pronotum;  eyes  prominent,  carina  between 
them  distinct.  Antennae  stout,  nearly  of  equal  thickness  throughout. 
Pronotum  and  hemelytra  smooth  or  punctate;  pubescence  simple  or 
simple  intermixed  with  sericeous  hairs. 

The  genus  contains  many  species  that  are  similar  in  appearance.  The 
males  may  be  identified  by  the  differences  in  the  claspers  and  the  females 
by  association  with  the  males. 

Six  species  were  collected.  Overwinter  in  the  egg  stage.  The  nymphs 
appear  in  early  June  and  the  adults  in  early  July.  The  adults  are  active 
throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out  by  the  end  of  August. 
The  species  are  predaceous,  feeding  on  many  small  arthropods  found  on 
the  plants. 


Key  to  species  Ceratocapsus 

1.  Hemelytra  with  wide,  pale  transverse  band  (Fig.  72);  claspers  (Fig.  89)  .... 

pilosulus  Knight  (p.  89) 

Hemelytra  without  pale  transverse  band 2 

2.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  impunctate,  with  short  and  long  simple  hairs  (Fig. 

73);  claspers  (Fig.  90)   modestus  (Uhler)  (p.  89) 

Pronotum  and  hemelytra  punctate,  with  simple  and  sericeous  hairs 3 

3.  Hind  femora  pale  yellow  4 

Hind  femora  brown  or  red 5 

4.  Clavus  mostly  brown;  simple  hairs  on  hemelytra  dense  (Fig.  74);  claspers  (Fig. 

91)   digitulus  Knight  (p.  92 ) 

Clavus  mostly  pale  yellow;  simple  hairs  on  hemelytra  not  as  dense  (Fig.  75); 
right  clasper  (Fig.  92)   incisus  Knight  (p.  94 ) 

5.  Species  dark  brown,  cuneus  brown  (Fig.  76);  right  clasper  (Fig.  93) 

pumilus  (Uhler)  (p.  96 ) 

Species  reddish  brown,  cuneus  reddish  (Fig.  77);  right  clasper  (Fig.  94)   .  .  . 
fuscinus  Knight  (p.  97) 


88 


Ceratocapsus  pilosulus  Knight 

Figs.  72,  89;  Map  36 

Ceratocapsus  pilosus  Knight,  19236:526  (n.  preoc). 
Ceratocapsus  pilosulus  Knight,  1930a:  198. 

Length  3.2—3.5  mm;  width   1.3—1.6  mm.  Head,  pronotum,  and 
scutellum  brown.  Hemelytra  brown  with  wide,  pale  transverse  band. 

Remarks.     This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  transverse  band 
on  the  hemelytra  (Fig.  72)  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  89). 

Collected  on  apple,  pear,  apricot,  plum,  peach,  and  mulberry  in 
Ontario;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Ostrya  virginiana,  Corylus  americana,  and  Quercus 
macrocarpa. 

Distribution.     Northeastern  and  central  USA;  Manitoba,  Ontario 
(Map  36). 


Ceratocapsus  modestus  (Uhler) 

Figs.  73,  90;  Map  37 

Melinna  modesta  Uhler,  1887:69. 
Ceratocapsus  modestus:  Smith,  1909:161. 

Length  4.3—4.5  mm;  width  1.6—1.8  mm.  Head  light  to  dark  brown. 
Antennae  brown.  Pronotum  and  scutellum  dark  brown.  Hemelytra  light 
to  dark  brown,  impunctate;  pubescence  simple,  with  short  and  long  hairs. 
Legs  brown. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  brown  color,  by  the 
impunctate  pronotum  and  hemelytra,  by  the  short  and  long,  simple 
pubescence  (Fig.  73),  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  90). 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  plum,  grape, 
and  mulberry  in  Ontario;  predaceous  on  white  flies. 

Also  collected  on  Alnus  rugosa,  Quercus  macrocarpa,  Tilia  americana, 
Juglans  nigra,  Ulmus  americana,  and  Salix  spp. 

Distribution.  Eastern  and  central  USA;  Saskatchewan,  Manitoba, 
Ontario,  Quebec  (Map  37). 


89 


Fig.  72.  Ceratocapsus  pilosulus 


90 


YUZYK.  i960  *> 


Fig.  73.  Ceratocapsus  modestus 


91 


Map  37.  Collection  localities  for  Ceratocapsus  modestus. 
Map  38.  Collection  localities  for  Ceratocapsus  digitulus. 


Ceratocapsus  digitulus  Knight 

Figs.  74,  91;  Map  38 

Ceratocapsus  digitulus  Knight,  19236:522. 

Length  3.5-3.8  mm;  width  1.6-1.8  mm.  Head  brown;  first  and 
second  antennal  segments  pale  yellow,  first  segment  with  red  bar  near 
base.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  brown,  punctate;  simple  pubescence 
dense,  intermixed  with  appressed  sericeous  hairs.  Legs  pale  yellow. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  first  and  second 
antennal  segments,  by  the  dense,  simple  pubescence  on  the  hemelytra 
(Fig.  74),  and  by  the  claspers  (Fig.  91). 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  peach,  and 
plum  in  Ontario;  predaceous  on  aphids  and  mites. 

Also  collected  on  Salix  interior. 

Distribution.  Eastern  and  central  USA;  Manitoba,  Ontario, 
Quebec  (Map  38). 


92 


YUZYK.   1980 


Fig.  74.  Ceratocapsus  digitulus 


93 


Ceratocapsus  incisus  Knight 

Figs.  75,  92;  Map  39 

Ceratocapsus  incisus  Knight,  19236:532. 

Length  3.7-4.0  mm;  width  1.51-7.0  mm.  Head  reddish  brown.  First 
and  second  antennal  segments  pale  yellow,  first  segment  with  red  bar  near 
base.  Pronotum  and  scutellum  brown.  Hemelytra  brown;  clavus  and 
costal  margin  paler;  pubescence  similar  to  that  of  digitulus.  Legs  pale 
yellow. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  yellow  first  and 
second  antennal  segments,  by  the  pale  yellow  legs  (Fig.  75),  and  by  the 
right  clasper  (Fig.  92).  The  simple  pubescence  on  the  hemelytra  is  not  as 
dense  as  in  digitulus. 

Collected  on  apple,  pear,  peach,  apricot,  and  wild  and  cultivated 
grape  in  Ontario;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Alnus  rugosa,  Carpinus  caroliniana,  and  Salix  spp. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Ontario  (Map  39). 


Cc 


Map  39.  Collection  locality  for  Ceratocapsus  incisus. 
Map  40.  Collection  localities  for  Ceratocapsus  pumilus. 


94 


Fig.  75.  Ceratocapsus  incisus 


95 


Ceratocapsus  pumilus  (Uhler) 

Figs.  76,  93;  Map  40 

Melinna  pumila  Uhler,  1887:69. 
Ceratocapsus  pumilus:  Van  Duzee,  1909:182. 


YUZ.YK.    1960 


Fig.  76.  Ceratocapsus  pumilus 


96 


Length  3.7—3.9  mm;  width  1.5-1.7  mm.  Head  brown;  first  and 
second  antennal  segments  light  brown,  first  segment  with  red  bar  near 
base.  Pronotum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra  brown;  pubescence  similar  to 
that  of  incisus.  Legs  light  brown,  apical  half  of  hind  femur  often  dark 
brown. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  brown  color  (Fig.  76) 
and  by  the  right  clasper  (Fig.  93). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  Prince  Edward  Island;  on  apple  and  pear  in 
Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  peach,  and  wild  grape  in  Ontario;  predaceous  on 
aphids  and  mites. 

Also  collected  on  Betula  nigra  and  Salix  spp. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Prince  Edward  Island,  Quebec,  Ontar- 
io (Map  40). 

Ceratocapsus  fuscinus  Knight 

Figs.  77,  94;  Map  41 

Ceratocapsus  fuscinus  Knight,  19236:531. 

Length  3.6—3.7  mm;  width  1.5-1.6  mm.  Head  yellow;  first  antennal 
segment  yellow  with  red  bar  near  base,  second  segment  yellow.  Pronotum 
light  brown,  basal  margin  yellow.  Hemelytra  light  brown,  cuneus  tinged 
with  red;  pubescence  similar  to  that  of  pumilus.  Legs  yellow,  apical  half  of 
hind  femur  reddish. 


Map  41.  Collection  localities  for  Ceratocapsus  fuscinus  (m),  and  Heterotoma  meriopter- 
um  (%). 


97 


Fig.  77.  Ceratocapsus  fuscinus 


98 


Remarks.  This  species  is  similar  to  pumilus  in  appearance  but  is 
more  yellowish,  with  reddish  hind  femur  and  reddish  cuneus  (Fig.  77). 
The  right  clasper  (Fig.  94)  is  also  different. 

Collected  on  apple,  pear,  and  wild  grape  in  Quebec;  on  apple,  pear, 
peach,  apricot,  and  plum  in  Ontario;  predaceous  on  aphids  and  mites. 

Also  collected  on  Salix  spp. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Ontario,  Quebec  (Map  41). 

Genus  Heterotoma  Le  Peletier  &  Serville 

Elongate,  black  species.  Head  oblique;  eyes  spherical,  carina  between 
them  distinct.  Second  antennal  segment  greatly  inflated.  Pronotum  and 
hemelytra  faintly  rugose;  pubescence  simple  and  sericeous. 

One  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  was  collected.  Overwinters  in 
the  egg  stage. 

Heterotoma  meriopterum  (Scopoli) 

Fig.  78;  Map  41 

Cimex  meriopterum  Scopoli,  1763:131. 
Heterotoma  meriopterum;.  Fieber,  1861:290. 

Length  5.0—5.2  mm;  width  1.4—1.5  mm.  Antennae  black,  second 
segment  greatly  inflated.  Ventral  surface  black,  legs  pale  green. 

Remarks.  Knight  (191  la)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
New  York,  and  Downes  (1957)  from  British  Columbia.  It  is  distinguished 
by  the  black  color  and  by  the  greatly  inflated  second  antennal  segment 
(Fig.  78). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  apple  and  raspberry  in 
British  Columbia;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Corylus  maxima  and  Cytisus  scoparius. 

The  nymphs  appear  in  June  and  the  adults  in  July.  The  adults  are 
active  throughout  August  and  gradually  die  out  in  September. 

Distribution.     New  York;  Nova  Scotia,  British  Columbia  (Map  4 1 ). 


99 


Fig.  78.  Heterotoma  meriopterum 


100 


Genus  Heterocordylus  Fieber 

Robust,  black  or  black  and  red  species.  Head  oblique,  base  of  head 
sharply  truncate;  eyes  large,  carina  between  them  distinct.  Pronotum 
rugose,  side  margins  carinate.  Scutellum  rugose.  Hemelytra  impunctate; 
pubescence  simple  and  scalelike. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


Heterocordylus  malinus  Reuter 

Figs.  79,  80;  Map  42 

Heterocordylus  malinus  Reuter,  1909:71. 

Length  6.3—7.0  mm;  width  2.1—2.3  mm.  Head  black,  spot  on  vertex 
next  to  eye  often  red;  antennae  black.  Pronotum  black  in  males,  mostly 
red  in  females.  Scutellum  black.  Hemelytra  and  abdomen  mostly  black  in 
males,  black  and  red  in  females.  Legs  black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  large  size,  by  the 
black  (Fig.  79)  or  black  and  red  color  (Fig.  80),  and  by  the  white  scalelike 
pubescence. 


Map  42.  Collection  localities  for  Heterocordylus  malinus. 
Map  43.  Collection  localities  for  Lopidea  dakota. 
Map  44.  Collection  localities  for  Paraproba  capitata. 


101 


YUZYK.   I9AO 


Fig.  79.  Heterocordylus  malinus,  S 


Collected  on  apple  in  Ontario  and  Quebec;  phytophagous.  Caesar 
(1912)  and  Knight  (1918)  reported  the  species  as  a  pest  of  apple  in 
Ontario  and  New  York,  respectively. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  the  first  of  May  and  the  adults  in  early 
June.  By  mid-July  most  of  the  adults  die  out. 


102 


YUZYK.    19SO 


Fig.  80.  Heterocordyliis  malinus,  9 


Also  breeds  on  Crataegus  chrysocarpa;  adults  readily  migrate  to  apple 
trees  and  feed  on  the  fruit,  especially  if  the  apple  trees  are  nearby. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  42). 


03 


Genus  Lopidea  Uhler 

Elongate,  red  species.  Head  vertical;  eyes  spherical,  carina  between 
them  distinct.  Antennae  black.  Hemelytra  impunctate;  pubescence  sim- 
ple, black.  Legs  black. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


Lopidea  dakota  Knight 

Figs.  81,  95;  Map  43 

Lopidea  dakota  Knight,  1923a:67. 

Length  6.3—6.5  mm;  width  2.3—2.5  mm.  Head  red,  frons  often  black. 
Pronotum  red.  Scutellum  black.  Hemelytra  red;  narrow  inner  margin  of 
clavus  and  wing  membrane  black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  large  size,  by  the  red 
and  black  color  (Fig.  81),  and  by  the  right  clasper  (Fig.  95). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  Manitoba;  phytophagous.  King  and  Glen 
(1936)  and  Twinn  (1939)  reported  the  species  damaging  raspberry  in 
Saskatchewan  and  Alberta,  respectively;  Glen  and  King  (1938)  and  Arne- 
son  et  al.  ( 1 939)  reported  it  damaging  currant  and  strawberry,  respective- 
ly, in  Saskatchewan. 

The  nymphs  appear  in  early  June  and  the  adults  in  early  July.  The 
adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out  by 
early  September. 

Also  breeds  on  Caragana  arborescens. 

Distribution.  North  central  USA;  British  Columbia,  Prairie  Pro- 
vinces (Map  43). 


Genus  Pa  rap  rob  a  Distant 

Slender,  pale  green  delicate  species.  Head  ventrical;  eyes  large,  cari- 
na between  them  absent.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  impunctate;  pubesc- 
ence simple. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


104 


Fig.  8 1 .  Lopidea  dakota 


105 


Paraproba  capitata  (Van  Duzee) 

Fig.  82;  Map  44 

Diaphnidia  capitata  Van  Duzee,  1912:490. 
Diaphnocoris  capitata:  Kelton,  1961:566. 
Paraproba  capitata'.  Kelton,  1965:1028. 

Length  3.0—3.5  mm;  width  0.9—1.1  mm.  Head  black;  first  antennal 
segment  black.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  light  green.  Legs  green. 

Remarks.     This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  black  head  (Fig.  82). 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Quebec;  on  apple  in 
New  Brunswick;  on  apple,  pear,  and  mulberry  in  Ontario;  predaceous  on 
mites,  aphids,  and  leafhoppers.  Gilliatt  (1935)  reported  the  species 
preying  on  the  red  mite  in  Nova  Scotia. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  the  end  of  May  and  the  adults  at  the  end  of 
June.  The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually 
die  out  by  early  September. 

Also  collected  on  Zanthoxylum  americanum,  Ulmus  americana,  Corylus 
americana,  Carya  spp.,  Fraxinus  spp.,  Crataegus  spp.,  Hamamelis  virginiana, 
and  Robinia  pseudoacacia. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  and  north  central  USA;  Nova  Scotia, 
New  Brunswick,  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  44). 


Genus  Blepharidopterus  Kolenati 

Elongate,  green  species.  Head  oblique;  eyes  large,  carina  between 
them  distinct.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  impunctate;  pubescence  simple, 
black. 

One  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  was  collected.  Overwinters  in 
the  egg  stage. 


Blepharidopterus  angulatus  Fallen 

Fig.  83;  Map  45 

Lygaeus  angulatus  Fallen,  1807:76. 
Blepharidopterus  angulatus:  Kirkaldy,  1906:128. 

Length  5.1-5.3  mm;  width  1.4-1.5  mm.  Head  yellowish  green.  First 
antennal  segment  yellowish  green,  often  with  a  longitudinal  black  line. 


106 


Map  45.  Collection  localities  for  Blepharidopterus  angulatus. 


Pronotum  green,  basal  angles  black.  Hemelytra  green.  Legs  yellowish 
green,  bases  of  tibiae  with  black  spots. 

Remarks.  Knight  (1921/?)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
Nova  Scotia,  and  Downes  (1927)  from  British  Columbia.  It  is  distin- 
guished by  the  black  basal  angles  on  the  pronotum  and  by  the  black  spot  at 
the  base  of  each  tibia  (Fig.  92). 

Collected  on  apple  and  plum  in  Prince  Edward  Island;  on  apple, 
pear,  and  plum  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  apple,  pear,  peach,  sweet  cherry,  and 
sour  cherry  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on  aphids,  psyllids,  mites, 
and  other  small  arthropods.  Lord  (1971)  reported  the  species  preying  on 
the  eggs  of  the  red  mite,  and  codling  moth  eggs  and  young  larvae  in  Nova 
Scotia. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June. 
The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out 
by  early  September. 

Also  collected  on  Alnus  rugosa,  Betula  papyrifora,  Fagus  sylvatica,  Frax- 
inus  excelsior,  Acer  saccharum,  Tilia  cor  data,  and  Ulmus  americana. 

Distribution.     Prince  Edward  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  British  Co- 
lumbia (Map  45). 


107 


YUZYK    1960 


Fig.  82.  Paraproba  capitata 


108 


VUZ.YK.   1980 


Fig.  83.  Blepharidopterus  angulatus 


109 


Genus  Diaphnocoris  Kelton 

Slender,  pale  green  species.  Head  oblique;  eyes  large,  carina  between 
them  indistinct.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  impunctate;  pubescence  sim- 
ple. Legs  green. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


Diaphnocoris  provancheri  (Burque) 

Fig.  84;  Map  46 

Melacocoris  provancheri  Burque,  in  Provancher,  1887:144. 
Diaphnocoris  provancheri:  Kelton,  1980^:343. 

Length  4.2—4.7  mm;  width  1.4—1.5  mm.  Head  pale  green;  eyes  situ- 
ated forward  from  posterior  margin  of  head.  Second  antennal  segment 
green  or  fuscous.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  pale  green.  Legs  pale  green, 
hind  tibia  often  fuscous. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  position  of  the  eyes 
on  the  head  (Fig.  84). 


Map  46.  Collection  localities  for  Diaphnocoris  provancheri. 


110 


Fig.  84.  Diaphnocoris  provancheri 


111 


Collected  on  apple  in  Prince  Edward  Island,  New  Brunswick,  and 
Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  and  plum  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  apple,  pear,  peach, 
sour  cherry,  sweet  cherry,  plum,  apricot,  and  mulberry  in  Ontario;  on 
apple,  pear,  peach,  and  sweet  cherry  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on 
mites,  aphids,  and  other  small  arthropods.  Gilliatt  (1930)  reported  the 
species  preying  on  the  red  mite,  MacPhee  and  Sanford  (1954)  reported 
the  species  preying  on  mites  and  aphids,  MacLellan  (1972)  reported  the 
species  preying  on  codling  moth  eggs  and  young  larvae  in  Nova  Scotia, 
and  McMullen  and  Jong  ( 1 967)  reported  the  species  preying  on  mites  and 
pear  psylla  in  British  Columbia. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June. 
The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out 
by  the  middle  of  September. 

Also  collected  on  Acer  spp.,  Alnus  rugosa,  Betula  papyrifora,  Corylus 
americana,  Crataegus  spp.,  Quercus  spp.,  and  Shepherdia  canadensis. 

Distribution.  Widespread  in  USA;  transcontinental  in  Canada 
(Map  46). 


Genus  Orthoty/us  Fieber 

Elongate,  green  species.  Head  oblique,  carina  between  eyes  distinct. 
Pronotum  smooth.  Hemelytra  impunctate;  pubescence  simple. 

Two  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  were  collected.  Overwinter  in 
the  egg  stage.  The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about 
mid-June.  The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gra- 
dually die  out  by  early  September. 


Key  to  species  of  Orthoty/us 

First  antennal  segment  uniformly  pale  green,  longer  than  width  of  vertex  on 
head;  segment  with  many  long  bristles  (Fig.  86);  right  claspers  (Fig.  96) 
viridinervis  (Kirschbaum)  (p.  113) 

First  antennal  segment  with  black  on  ventral  surface,  shorter  than  width  of 
vertex  on  head,  segment  with  only  few  long  bristles  (Fig.  87);  left  clasper 
(Fig.  97)    nassatus  (Fabricius)  (p.  1 15) 


112 


Orthotylus  viridinervis  (Kirschbaum) 

Figs.  85,  96;  Map  47 

Capsus  viridinervis  Kirschbaum,  1855:238. 
Orthotylus  viridinervis:  Fieber,  1861:290. 

Length  5.6-5.8  mm;  width    1.7-1.9  mm.    Head  green;  first  and 

second  antennal  segments  green,  terminal  segments  light  brown.  Ros- 
trum 1 .6—1.7  mm  long,  extending  to  tips  of  middle  coxae.  Pronotum  and 
hemelytra  green.  Veins  on  wing  membrane  green.  Legs  green. 

Remarks.  Henry  and  Wheeler  (1979)  first  reported  this  European 
species  from  Ontario,  and  Kelton  (1982)  from  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  distin- 
guished by  the  uniformly  green  color,  by  the  long  first  antennal  segment 
with  many  long  bristles  (Fig.  85),  and  by  the  right  clasper  (Fig.  96). 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  apple  in  Ontario; 
predaceous  on  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Ulmus  americana,  Fagus  sylvatica,  Fraxinus  excelsior, 
and  Tilia  cordata. 

Distribution.     Europe;  Nova  Scotia,  Ontario  (Map  47). 


Map  47.  Collection  localities  for  Orthotylus  viridinervis. 
Map  48.  Collection  localities  for  Orthotylus  nassatus. 
Map  49.  Collection  localities  for  Pilophorus  perplexus. 


113 


Fig.  85.  Orthotylus  viridinervis 


114 


Orthotylus  nassatus  (Fabricius) 

Figs.  86,  97;  Map  48 


Cimex  nassatus  Fabricius,  1787:304. 
Orthotylus  nassatus:  Fieber,  1861:289. 


Fig.  86.  Orthotylus  nassatus 


115 


Length  4.7-5.0  mm;  width  1 .5-1 .6  mm.  Head  green;  first  and  second 
antennal  segments  green,  first  segment  black  on  ventral  surface,  terminal 
segments  light  brown.  Rostrum  1.2—1.3  mm  long,  extending  to  apex  of 
mesosternum.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  green.  Veins  on  wing  membrane 
green. 

Remarks.  Henry  (1977)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
Pennsylvania,  and  Kelton  (1982)  from  Prince  Edward  Island  and  Nova 
Scotia.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  short  first  antennal  segment  with  few  long 
bristles  (Fig.  86),  by  the  black  ventral  surface  on  the  first  antennal  seg- 
ment, and  by  the  left  clasper  (Fig.  97). 

Collected  on  pear  in  Nova  Scotia;  predaceous  on  pear  psylla  and 
aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Acer  plantanoides,  Tilia  cordata,  and  Juglans  cinerea. 

Distribution.  Europe;  Pennsylvania;  Prince  Edward  Island,  Nova 
Scotia  (Map  48). 


Tribe  Pilophorini 

The  tribe  is  represented  by  one  genus  and  two  species. 

Genus  Pilophorus  Hahn 

Antlike,  black  or  brown  species.  Head  oblique,  base  of  head  convex, 
overlapping  apex  of  pronotum.  Scutellum  tumid  with  clumps  of  sericeous 
pubescence.  Hemelytra  banded  with  transverse  bars  of  sericeous  pubesc- 
ence. 

Two  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  were  collected.  Overwinter  in 
the  egg  stage. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-June  and  the  adults  about  mid-July. 
The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out 
by  mid-September. 


Key  to  species  of  Pilophorus 

1.   Head,  pronotum,  and  hemelytra  without  pilose  hairs,  only  short  appressed 

hairs  (Fig.  87)   perplexus  Douglas  8c  Scott  (p.  117) 

Head,  pronotum,  and  hemelytra  with  pilose  hairs,  in  addition  to  short  hairs 
(Fig.  88)    confusus  (Kirschbaum)  (p.  1 18) 


116 


Pilophorus  perplexus  Douglas  &  Scott 

Fig.  87;  Map  49 
Pilophorus  perplexus  Douglas  and  Scott,  1875:101. 


Fig.  87.  Pilophorus  perplexus 


117 


Length  4.2- 4 .4  mm;  width  1.4—1.5  mm.  Head  between  eyes  black, 
below  eyes  brown.  Pronotum  and  scutellum  black.  Hemelytra  pruinose, 
mostly  brown,  short;  apex  of  corium  with  row  of  long  setae;  wing  mem- 
brane with  large  basal  area  brown.  Ventral  surface  black;  legs  brown. 

Remarks.  Knight  ( 1 923b)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
eastern  United  States.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  continuous  silvery  band 
on  the  hemelytra,  not  dislocated  at  the  claval  sutures  (Fig.  87). 

Collected  on  apple,  plum,  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  apple  in 
Quebec  and  Ontario;  predaceous  on  mites,  aphids,  and  other  small 
arthropods.  Knight  (1924)  reported  the  species  preying  on  aphids,  Lord 
(1949)  observed  the  species  preying  on  mites,  and  MacPhee  and  Sanford 
(1954)  reported  the  species  preying  on  mites  and  codling  moth  larvae  in 
Nova  Scotia. 

Distribution.  Connecticut,  New  York;  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec, 
Ontario  (Map  49). 


Pi/op  ho  rus  confusus  (Kirschbaum) 

Fig.  88;  Map  50 

Capsus  confusus  Kirschbaum,  1855:293. 
Pilophorus  confusus:  Reuter,  1875«:86. 


Map  50.  Collection  locality  for  Pilophorus  confusus. 
Map  5 1 .  Collection  localities  for  Rhinocapsus  vanduzeei. 


118 


YUZVK.  1980 


Fig.  88.  Pilophorus  confusus 


119 


Length  3.5—3.7  mm;  width  1.4—1.5  mm.  Head  between  eyes  black, 
below  eyes  brown.  Pronotum  and  scutellum  black.  Hemelytra  brown; 
cuneus  and  wing  membrane  reduced;  pubescence  pilose,  intermixed  with 
short,  sericeous  hairs. 

Remarks.  Kelton  (1982)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
Nova  Scotia.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  pilose  pubescence  and  by  the  partly 
reduced  hemelytra  (Fig.  88). 

Collected  on  plum  in  Nova  Scotia;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

Distribution.     Europe;  Nova  Scotia  (Map  50). 


Subfamily  Phylinae  Douglas  &  Scott 

The  following  are  the  subfamily  characteristics:  1)  straight  hairlike 
parempodia  between  the  claws;  2)  pulvilli  present;  3)  male  genitalia  with 
rigid  ductus  seminis,  with  or  without  sclerites;  and  4)  distinctive  left 
clasper. 

The  subfamily  is  represented  by  1  tribe,  Phylini,  7  genera,  and  10 
species.  Three  species  are  predaceous,  seven  are  both  predaceous  and 
phytophagous. 


Key  to  genera  of  Phylinae 

1.  Hemelytra  with  one  type  of  pubescence,  simple  hairs  only  (Fig.  98) 2 

Hemelytra  with  two  types  of  pubescence,  simple  and  sericeous  hairs 

(Fig.  104)   4 

2.  Hind  tibia  without  black  spots  at  bases  of  spines;  dark  reddish  species  (Fig.  98) 

Rhinocapsus  Uhler  (p.  122) 

Hind  tibia  with  black  spots  at  bases  of  spines;  black  green  and  black,  or  green 
species  (Figs.  99—103)  Plagiognathus  Fieber  (p.  122) 

4.  Second  antennal  segment  strongly  swollen  (Fig.  104)    

Atractotomus  Fieber  (p.  1 34 ) 

Second  antennal  segment  linear    5 

5.  Hemelytra  with  white  scalelike  pubescence  intermixed  with  simple  hairs  (Fig. 

105)  Lepidopsallus  Knight  (p.  1 36) 

Hemelytra  with  sericeous  hairs  intermixed  with  simple  hairs    6 

6.  Small  species  2.8  mm  long;  hemelytra  yellowish  green  (Fig.  106)    

Campylomma  Reuter  (p.  138) 

Larger  species  3.6  mm  long;  hemelytra  spotted  with  brown  (Fig.  107) 

Psallus  Fieber  (p.  140) 


120 


Figs.  89—97.  Male  claspers  of  Orthotylini.  89,  Ceratocapsus  pilosulus;  90,  Cerato- 
capsus  modestus;  91,  Ceratocapsus  digitulus;  92,  Ceratocapsus  incisus;  93,  Ceratocapsus 
pumilus;  94,  Ceratocapsus  fuscinus;  95,  Lopidea  dakota;  96,  Orthotylus  viridinervis;  97, 
Orthotylus  nassatus. 


121 


Genus  Rhinocapsus  Uhler 

Elongate-oval,  reddish  brown  species.  Head  oblique.  Pronotum  and 
hemelytra  impunctate  and  shiny;  pubescence  simple,  brown  to  black. 
Tibiae  without  dark  spots. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


Rhinocapsus  vanduzeei  Uhler 

Fig.  98;  Map  51 

Rhinocapsus  vanduzeei  Uhler,  1890:82. 

Length  3.6—3.8  mm;  width  1.4-1.6  mm.  Head  reddish  brown, 
clypeus  and  surrounding  area  black.  First  antennal  segment  pale,  second 
segment  pale  on  basal  half,  black  on  apical  half.  Hind  femur  spotted  with 
black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  shiny  appearance,  by 
the  black  clypeus,  and  by  the  spotted  hind  femur  (Fig.  98). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  Quebec  and  Ontario;  predaceous  on 
aphids. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June. 
The  adults  are  active  throughout  July,  and  gradually  die  out  by  the  end  of 
August. 

Also  collected  on  Kalmia  polifolia. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Quebec,  Ontario,  Manitoba  (Map  51). 


Genus  Plagiognathus  Fieber 

Elongate-oval,  black  or  green,  or  black  and  green  species.  Head 
oblique.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  shiny,  pubescence  simple,  pale  or 
black.  Tibial  spines  with  black  spots  at  bases. 

Five  species  were  collected,  one  introduced  from  Europe.  Overwin- 
ter in  the  egg  stage. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  mid-June.  The 
adults  are  active  throughout  the  summer,  and  gradually  die  out  by  the 
middle  of  September. 


122 


*% 


YUZYK   1981 


Fig.  98.  Rhinocapsus  vanduzeei 


123 


Key  to  species  of  Plagiognathus 

1.  Hemelytra  black;  femora  mostly  black  (Fig.  99)    ....    politus  Uhler  (p.  124) 
Hemelvtra  pale  green,  or  pale  green  and  black;  femora  mostly  pale  green 

2 

2.  Hemelytra  pale  green 3 

Hemelvtra  pale  green  and  black    4 

3.  Femora  with  longitudinal  black  lines  on  anterior  surface;  pubescence  on  dor- 

sum pale  (Fig.  100)   ribesi  Kelton  (p.  126) 

Femora  without  black  lines  but  with  black  spots;  pubescence  on  dorsum  black 
(Fig.  101)   chrysanthemi  (Wolff)  (p.  126) 

4.  Cuneus  pale  green  and  black  (Fig.  100)    obscurus  Uhler  (p.  128) 

Cuneus  pale  green  (Fig.  101)   alboradialis  Knight  (p.  132) 


Plagiognathus  politus  Uhler 

Fig.  99;  Map  52 

Plagiognathus  politus  Uhler,  1895:52. 

Length  3.5—3.8  mm;  width  1.3-1.5  mm.  Head  black,  vertex  often 
pale;  first  and  second  antennal  segments  black.  Pronotum,  scutellum,  and 
hemelytra  black;  base  of  cuneus  pale  green.  Ventral  surface  black;  femora 
black,  apices  pale  green;  tibiae  pale  green,  spotted  with  black. 


Map  52.  Collection  localities  for  Plagiognathus  politus  (%),  and  Plagiognathus  ribesi 
(m). 


124 


Fig.  99.  Plagiognathus  politus 


125 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  black  second  anten- 
nal  segments,  by  the  black  hemelytra,  and  by  the  black  femora  with  pale 
green  apices  (Fig.  99). 

Collected  on  apple  and  raspberry  in  Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  peach, 
mulberry,  and  raspberry  in  Ontario;  phytophagous,  and  predaceous  on 
aphids  and  mites.  Knight  (19236)  reported  the  species  as  phytophagous 
on  apple  in  New  York. 

Also  collected  on  many  other  plants. 

Distribution.     Widespread  in  USA;  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  52). 

Plagiognathus  ribesi  Kelton 

Fig.  100;  Map  52 

Plagiognathus  ribesi  Kelton,  1982:169. 

Length  2.8-3.2  mm;  width  1.2-1.4  mm.  Head  yellowish  green.  First 
antennal  segment  pale  green,  longitudinal  line  black;  second  segment 
pale  green,  base  black.  Pronotum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra  pale  green; 
wing  membrane  with  short  transverse  black  bar  at  apex  of  cuneus.  Legs 
pale  green,  each  femur  with  longitudinal  black  stripe  on  anterior  surface, 
hind  femur  with  stripe  on  posterior  surface. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  green  color,  by 
the  black  lines  on  the  first  antennal  segments  and  femora,  and  by  the 
transverse  black  bar  on  the  wing  membrane  (Fig.  100). 

Collected  on  currant  and  gooseberry  in  British  Columbia;  pre- 
daceous on  aphids  and  psyllids. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  the  first  part  of  May  and  the  adults  about 
the  first  part  of  June.  The  adults  are  active  throughout  June,  July,  and 
August,  and  gradually  die  out  by  early  September. 

Also  collected  on  Purshia  tridentata  and  Shepherdia  canadensis. 

Distribution.     Colorado;  British  Columbia  (Map  52). 

Plagiognathus  chrysanthemi  (Wolff) 

Fig.  101;  Map  53 

Miris  chrysanthemi  Wolff,  1804:157. 
Plagiognathus  chrysanthemi:  Reuter,  1883:452. 


126 


Fig.  100.  Plagiognathus  ribesi 


127 


Map  53.  Collection  localities  for  Plagiognathus  chrysanthemi. 


Length  3.6—4.2  mm;  width  1 .3—1.5  mm.  Head  yellowish  brown,  tip  of 
clypeus  black.  First  antennal  segment  green,  base  and  apex  black.  Pro- 
notum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra  pale  green;  pubescence  black.  Legs  pale 
green,  femora  and  tibiae  spotted  with  black. 

Remarks.  Knight  ( 1 92 1  b)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
New  York,  and  Tonks  (1952)  reported  it  from  British  Columbia.  It  is 
distinguished  by  the  pale  green  color,  by  the  black  pubescence  on  the 
dorsum,  by  the  black  spotting  on  the  legs,  and  by  the  black  tip  on  the 
clypeus  (Fig.  101). 

Collected  on  raspberry,  thimbleberry,  loganberry,  and  blackberry  in 
British  Columbia;  on  raspberry  and  thimbleberry  in  Ontario,  Quebec, 
New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia;  on  raspberry  in  Prince  Edward  Island 
and  Newfoundland;  and  on  strawberry  in  Newfoundland;  phytopha- 
gous, and  predaceous  on  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Chrysanthemum  spp.,  and  many  other  herbaceous 
plants. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  USA;  Atlantic  Provinces,  Quebec, 
Ontario,  British  Columbia  (Map  53). 

Plagiognathus  obscurus  Uhler 

Fig.  102;  Map  54 

Plagiognathus  obscurus  Uhler,  1872:418. 
Lygus  brunneus  Provancher,  1872:104. 


128 


YUZYK.    1981 


Fig.  101.  Plagiognathus  chrysanthemi 


129 


Map  54.  Collection  localities  for  Plagiognathus  obscurus. 


Length  4.2—4.6  mm;  width  1.5—1.6  mm.  Head  black,  vertex  often 
yellowish;  first  and  second  antennal  segments  black.  Pronotum  black, 
often  pale  yellow  at  middle.  Scutellum  black,  side  margins  often  pale 
yellow.  Hemelytra  black;  outer  margin  of  clavus,  basal  half  of  corium,  and 
basal  half  of  cuneus  pale  green.  Ventral  surface  black;  legs  pale  green, 
hind  femur  often  fuscous. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  green  areas  on 
the  hemelytra  (Fig.  102).  It  is  widely  distributed  in  Canada  and  is  both 
harmful  and  beneficial. 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  Newfoundland;  on  apple  and  raspberry  in 
Prince  Edward  Island;  on  apple,  plum,  and  raspberry  in  Nova  Scotia;  on 
apple,  raspberry,  and  blueberry  in  New  Brunswick;  on  apple,  raspberry, 
and  thimbleberry  in  Quebec  and  Ontario;  on  raspberry  and  saskatoon  in 
the  Prairie  Provinces;  and  on  raspberry,  thimbleberry,  blackberry,  logan- 
berry, and  apple  in  British  Columbia;  phytophagous  and  predaceous  on 
aphids  and  mites.  Gilliatt  (1935)  observed  the  species  on  apple  preying  on 
aphids  and  mites;  MacPhee  and  Sanford  (1954)  reported  the  species 
preying  on  mites,  aphids,  and  codling  moth  eggs  and  larvae. 

Also  collected  on  a  great  variety  of  herbaceous  plants. 

Distribution.  Widespread  in  USA;  British  Columbia,  Prairie  Pro- 
vinces, Ontario,  Quebec,  Atlantic  Provinces  (Map  54). 


130 


Fig.  102.  Plagiognathas  obscurus 


131 


Plagiognathus  alboradialis  Knight 

Fig.  103;  Map  55 

Plagiog?iathus  alboradialis  Knight,  19236:439. 

Length  4.5—4.9  mm;  width  1.5-1.7  mm.  Head  black,  vertex  pale 
green.  First  and  second  antennal  segments  black.  Pronotum  black,  me- 
dian area  often  pale.  Scutellum  black,  side  margins  often  pale  green. 
Hemelytra  black,  base  of  corium  and  all  cuneus  pale  green. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  elongate  form  and 
uniformly  pale  green  cuneus  (Fig.  103). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  New  Brunswick,  Quebec,  Ontario,  and 
Prairie  Provinces;  phytophagous,  and  predaceous  on  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Salix  spp. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  USA;  New  Brunswick,  Quebec,  Ontar- 
io, Prairie  Provinces  (Map  55). 


Map  55.  Collection  localities  for  Plagiognathus  alboradialis. 


132 


Fig.  103.  Plagiognathus  alboradialis 


133 


Genus  Atractotomus  Fieber 

Oval,  black  species.  Head  oblique,  base  truncate.  Pronotum  and 
hemelytra  finely  rugose;  pubescence  scalelike,  intermixed  with  black  or 
golden  simple  hairs. 

One  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  was  collected.  Overwinters  in 
the  egg  stage. 


Atractotomus  mali  (Meyer) 

Fig.  104;  Map  56 

Capsus  mali  Meyer,  1843:63. 
Atractotomus  mali:  Fieber,  1861:296. 

Length  3.0—3.5  mm;  width  1.4—1.6.  First  and  second  antennal  seg- 
ments black,  second  segment  greatly  inflated.  Dorsum  and  ventral  surface 
with  white,  scalelike  hairs.  Femora  black,  tibiae  pale  green  with  black 
spines. 

Remarks.  Knight  (1924)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
Nova  Scotia.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  inflated  second  antennal  segment 
and  by  the  scalelike  pubescence  (Fig.  104). 


Map  56.  Collection  localities  for  Atractotomus  mali. 
Map  57.  Collection  localities  for  Lepidopsallus  minisculus. 


134 


Fig.  104.  Atractotomus  mali 


135 


Collected  on  apple  in  Prince  Edward  Island;  on  apple,  pear,  and 
plum  in  Nova  Scotia;  phytophagous,  and  predaceous  on  aphids  and 
mites.  Lord  (1949)  and  MacPhee  and  Sanford  (1954,  1956)  referred  to 
this  species  as  Criocoris  saliens  and  considered  it  as  phytophagous  and 
predaceous. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  the  end  of  May  and  the  adults  about  the 
end  of  June.  The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and 
gradually  die  out  by  the  end  of  August. 

Also  collected  on  Crataegus  spp. 

Distribution.  Europe;  Prince  Edward  Island,  Nova  Scotia  (Map 
56.) 


Genus  Lepidopsallus  Knight 

Ovate,  black  species.  Head  oblique,  base  truncate.  Pronotum  and 
hemelytra  finely  rugose;  pubescence  scaly,  intermixed  with  simple  black 
hairs.  Legs  black. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


Lepidopsallus  minisculus  Knight 

Fig.  105;  Map  57 

Lepidopsallus  minisculus  Knight,  1923^:472. 

Length  2.6—2.8  mm;  width  1.3—1.4  mm.  Second  antennal  segment 
shorter  than  head  width.  Dorsal  and  ventral  surface  black. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  short  second  anten- 
nal segment  and  by  the  scaly  pubescence  (Fig.  105). 

Collected  on  apple  in  Quebec  and  Ontario;  predaceous  on  mites  and 
aphids.  Knight  (1923&)  observed  the  species  on  apple  in  New  York. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June. 
The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out 
by  the  end  of  August. 

Also  collected  on  Crataegus  chrysocarpa. 

Distribution.     New  York;  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  57). 


136 


Fig.  105.  Lepidopsallus  minisculus 


137 


Genus  Campylomma  Reuter 

Small,  pale  yellowish  green  species.  Head  nearly  vertical,  base  trun- 
cate. Pronotum  and  hemelytra  finely  punctate;  pubescence  sericeous, 
intermixed  with  simple  hairs.  Ventral  surface  black;  legs  green,  spotted 
with  black- 
One  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  was  collected.  Overwinters  in 
the  egg  stage. 


Campylomma  verba sci  (Meyer) 

Fig.  106;  Map  58 

Capsus  verbasci  Meyer,  1843; 70. 
Campylomma  verbasci'.  Reuter,  1878;53. 

Length  2.6—2.8  mm;  width  1.1—1.3  mm.  Head  yellow,  clypeus  often 
black.  Antennae  green,  apex  of  first  segment  and  base  of  second  segment 
black;  second  segment  shorter  than  head  width.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra 
yellowish  green.  Legs  pale  green,  spotted  with  black. 

Remarks.  Uhler  (1886)  first  recorded  this  European  species  from 
eastern  United  States,  and  Provancher  (1887)  from  Ontario.  It  is  distin- 
guished by  the  small  size,  by  the  markings  on  the  antennae,  and  by  the 
spotting  on  the  legs  (Fig.  106). 


Map  58.  Collection  localities  for  Campylomma  verbasci. 


138 


Fig.  106.  Campylomma  verbasci 


139 


Collected  on  apple  in  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  Quebec;  on 
apple,  pear,  and  peach  in  Ontario;  on  apple  and  pear  in  British  Columbia; 
phytophagous,  and  predaceous  on  aphids,  psyllids,  and  mites.  Ross  and 
Caesar  (1919)  first  observed  the  species  on  apple  in  Ontario;  Gilliatt 
(1930)  observed  the  species  on  apple  in  Nova  Scotia;  Tonks  (1952), 
McMullen  and  Jong  ( 1 967),  and  Madsen  and  Morgan  (1975)  collected  the 
species  in  British  Columbia  on  loganberry,  pear,  and  grape,  respectively. 
Gilliatt  (1935)  reported  that  there  may  be  two  generations  per  year. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June. 
The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out 
in  September. 

Also  breeds  on  Verbascum  thapsus  and  many  other  herbaceous  plants. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  and  northwestern  USA;  Nova  Scotia, 
New  Brunswick,  Quebec,  Ontario,  British  Columbia  (Map  58). 


Genus  Psallus  Fieber 

Elongate-oval,  green  species.  Head  oblique,  second  antennal  seg- 
ment longer  than  head  width.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  impunctate; 
pubescence  sericeous,  intermixed  with  simple  hairs.  Femora  spotted  with 
black,  tibiae  with  black  spots  at  bases  of  spines. 

One  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  was  collected.  Overwinters  in 
the  egg  stage. 

Psallus  sa  Heel  I  us  (Herrich-Schaeffer) 

Fig.  107;  Map  59 

Capsus  salicellus  Herrich-Schaeffer,  1841:47. 
Psallus  salicellus:  Fieber,  1861:305. 
Coniortodes  salicellus:  Sanford  and  Herbert,  1966:997. 
Psallus  salicellus:  Kelton,  1982:172. 

Length  3.6-3.9  mm;  width  1.3-1.4  mm.  Head  yellow;  first  antennal 
segment  pale  green,  spot  at  base  and  apex  fuscous;  second  segment  pale 
green.  Pronotum  and  scutellum  yellowish  green,  often  spotted  with  fus- 
cous. Hemelytra  pale  green;  clavus  and  corium  spotted  with  fuscous; 
inner  margin  of  cuneus  often  with  red  mark  at  middle.  Ventral  surface 
fuscous,  hind  femur  often  heavily  infuscated. 

Remarks.  MacPhee  and  Sanford  (1961)  first  reported  this  Euro- 
pean species  from  Nova  Scotia  as  Psallus  sp.,  and  Sanford  and  Herbert 
(1966)  as  Coniortodes  salicellus.  Kelton  (1982)  also  reported  it  from  Prince 
Edward  Island  and  British  Columbia,  and  referred  to  it  as  Psallus  salicellus. 


140 


Map  59.  Collection  localities  for  Psallus  salicellus  (%),  and  Hyaliodes  vitripennis  (m). 


It  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  green  color  and  by  the  fuscous  spotting  on 
the  pronotum  and  hemelytra  (Fig.  107). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  Prince  Edward  Island;  on  apple  in  Nova 
Scotia;  on  raspberry  and  thimbleberry  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous 
on  aphids.  Sanford  and  Herbert  (1966)  observed  the  species  preying  on 
mites  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Also  collected  on  Corylus  avellana. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-June  and  the  adults  about  mid-July. 
The  adults  are  active  throughout  August,  and  gradually  die  out  in 
September. 

Distribution.  Europe;  Prince  Edward  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  British 
Columbia  (Map  59). 


Subfamily  Deraeocorinae  Douglas  &  Scott 

The  following  are  the  subfamily  characteristics:  1)  straight  hairlike 
parempodia  between  the  claws;  2)  pulvilli  absent;  3)  pronotal  collar  dis- 
tinct; and  4)  pronotum  deeply  punctate. 

The  subfamily  is  represented  by  2  tribes,  3  genera,  and  10  species. 
The  species  are  predaceous. 


141 


Fig.  107.  Psallus  salicellus 


142 


Key  to  tribes  of  Deraeocorinae 

1.   Eyes  situated  forward  from  posterior  margin  of  head;  wing  membrane  with 

one  cell  (Fig.  15);  slender  species  (Figs.  108,109)   

Hyaliodini  (p.  143) 

Eyes  situated  near  posterior  margin  of  head;  wing  membrane  with  two  cells 
(Fig.  16);  broad  species  (Fig.  110)  Deraeocorini  (p.  147) 


Tribe  Hyaliodini 

Two  species  belonging  to  the  genus  Hyaliodes  were  collected. 

Genus  Hyaliodes  Reuter 

Elongate,  shiny  species.  Head  vertical,  neck  distinct;  eyes  large,  cari- 
na between  them  absent.  Pronotum  deeply  punctate,  hemelytra  finely 
punctate;  wing  membrane  with  one  cell.  Legs  long,  slender. 

Two  species  were  collected.  Overwinter  in  the  egg  stage. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  the  first  part  of  June  and  the  adults  about 
the  first  part  of  July.  The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August, 
and  gradually  die  out  by  mid-September. 

Key  to  species  of  Hyaliodes 

1.   Collar  and  calli  pale  green;  scutellum  mostly  pale  green;  apical  margin  of 

corium  black  (Fig.  108) vitripennis  (Say)  (p.  143) 

Collar  and  calli  black;  scutellum  black  at  base;  apical  margin  of  corium  red  (Fig. 
109)  harti  Knight  (p.  145) 

Hyaliodes  vitripennis  (Say) 

Figs.  15,  108;  Map  59 

Capsus  vitripennis  Say,  1832:24. 
Hyaliodes  vitripennis:  Riley,  1870:137. 

Length  4.6— 4.9  mm;  width  1.5—1.8  mm.  Head  pale  green,  neck  often 
black.  Rostrum  1 .0—1. 1  mm  long.  First  antennal  segment  almost  as  long  as 
length  of  pronotum.  Pronotum  pale  green,  basal  area  adjacent  to 
scutellum  often  black.  Scutellum  mostly  pale  green.  Hemelytra  mostly 
clear,  inner  margin  of  clavus  and  apical  margin  of  corium  black.  Legs  pale 
green. 


143 


Fig.  108.  Hyaliodes  vitripennis 


144 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  green  collar, 
calli,  and  scutellum  and  by  the  black  margin  on  the  inner  clavus  and  apical 
corium  (Fig.  108). 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  plum,  and 
grape  in  Ontario;  predaceous  on  mites  and  aphids. 

Also  collected  on  Quercus  spp.,  and  Ulmus  americana. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Quebec,  Ontario  (Map  59). 

Hyaliodes  hart/  Knight 

Fig.  109;  Map  60 

Hyaliodes  harti  Knight,  19416:57. 

Length  5.0—5.3  mm;  width  1.5-1.8  mm.  Head  pale  green  tinged  with 
red,  area  between  eyes  dark  brown.  Rostrum  1.2—1.3  mm  long.  First 
antennal  segment  longer  than  length  of  pronotum.  Pronotum  mostly  pale 
green,  collar  and  calli  black.  Scutellum  mostly  black,  apex  pale.  Hemelytra 
mostly  clear;  inner  margin  of  clavus  black,  apical  margin  of  corium  red. 
Legs  pale  green. 

Remarks.  Gilliatt  (1935)  first  observed  harti  (cited  as  vitripennis  Say) 
in  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  black  collar  and  calli  and  by  the 
red  margin  on  the  apical  corium  (Fig.  107). 


Map  60.  Collection  localities  for  Hyaliodes  harti. 


145 


Fig.  109.  Hyaliodes  hard 


146 


Collected  on  apple  and  plum  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  apple  and  pear  in 
Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  peach,  plum,  apricot,  sweet  cherry,  sour  cherry, 
mulberry,  grape,  and  raspberry  in  Ontario;  on  raspberry  in  the  Prairie 
Provinces;  on  apple,  pear,  peach,  plum,  and  sweet  cherry  in  British 
Columbia;  predaceous  on  mites,  aphids,  psyllids,  and  other  small  arthro- 
pods. 

Also  collected  on  Acer  spp.,  Alnus  rugosa,  Corylus  americana,  Fraxinus 
spp.,  Juglans  nigra,  Ostrya  virginiana,  Quercus  spp.,  Robinea  pseudoacacia, 
Shepherdia  canadensis,  Ulmus  americana,  and  potato. 

Distribution.  Eastern  and  north  central  USA;  Nova  Scotia, 
Quebec,  Ontario,  Prairie  Provinces,  British  Columbia  (Map  60). 


Tribe  Deraeocorini 

Eight  species  representing  the  genera  Eurychilopterella  and  Deraeocoris 
were  collected. 


Key  to  genera  of  Deraeocorini 

1.   Head  strongly  protruded  (Fig.  110);  rostrum  extending  beyond  hind  coxae 

Eurychilopterella  Reuter  (p.  147) 

Head  not  strongly  protruded  (Figs.  111—117);  rostrum  extending  to  middle 
coxa Deraeocoris  Kirschbaum  (p.  148) 


Genus  Eurychilopterella  Reuter 

Elongate-oval  species.  Head  protruded,  carina  between  eyes  distinct. 
Rostrum  extending  beyond  hind  coxae.  Pronotum  strongly  punctate; 
hemelytra  finely  punctate;  pubescence  simple,  long  and  dense,  silvery. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


Eurychilopterella  luridula  Reuter 

Figs.  16,  110;  Map  61 

Eurychilopterella  luridula  Reuter,  1909:60. 

Length  3.9-4.5  mm;  width  1.7-2.0  mm.  Head  black,  area  next  to  eyes 
pale.  Rostrum  2.6-2.8  mm  long.  Pronotum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra 
pale  green  marked  with  black.  Ventral  surface  mostly  black;  legs  mostly 
pale  green. 


147 


Map  6 1 .  Collection  localities  for  Eurychilopterella  luridula  (•),  and  Deraeocoris  bakeri 
(m). 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  protruding  head,  by 
the  color  pattern  on  the  dorsum,  by  the  long  and  dense  pubescence  (Fig. 
1 10),  and  by  the  long  rostrum. 

Collected  on  apple  in  Prince  Edward  Island;  on  apple  and  pear  in 
Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario;  predaceous  on  scale  insects.  MacPhee  (in  litt.) 
observed  large  number  of  nymphs  preying  on  apple  scale  in  Nova  Scotia. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  the  end  of  May  and  the  adults  about  the 
end  of  June.  The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and 
gradually  die  out  by  the  end  of  September. 

Also  collected  on  Quercus  rubra  and  Carya  ovata. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Prince  Edward  Island,  Nova  Scotia, 
Ontario  (Map  61). 


Genus  Deraeocoris  Kirschbaum 

Robust,  strongly  punctate  species.  Head  oblique,  carina  between  eyes 
distinct  or  absent.  Rostrum  extending  to  middle  coxae.  Pronotum  and 
hemelytra  strongly  punctate;  scutellum  punctate  or  impunctate;  pubes- 
cence simple,  short,  and  sparse. 

Seven  species  were  collected.  Species  with  punctate  scutellum  hi- 
bernate; species  with  impunctate  scutellum  overwinter  in  the  egg  stage. 


148 


Fig.  110.  Eurychilopterella  luridula 


149 


Key  to  species  of  Deraeocoris 

1.  Scutellum  punctate  (Figs.  1 1 1-1 13)    2 

Scutellum  impunctate 4 

2.  Pronotum  and  hemelvtra  uniformly  black;  wing  membrane  with  apical  half 

clear  (Fig.  Ill)   .' bakeri  Knight  (p.  150) 

Pronotum  and  hemelytra  marked  with  pale  areas;  wing  membrane  with  apical 
half  fuscous  or  with  fuscous  spots  (Figs.  1 12,  1 13) 3 

3.  Calli  distinctly  punctate;  wing  membrane  on  apical  half  mostly  clear;  species 

3.9  mm  or  smaller  (Fig.  112)    nebulosus  (Uhler)  (p.  152 ) 

Calli  impunctate;  wing  membrane  on  apical  half  fuscous;  species  4.6  mm  or 
larger  (Fig.  113) brevis  (Uhler)  (p.  154) 

4.  Hind  tibiae  uniformly  pale  yellow;  apical  half  of  wing  membrane  clear  (Fig. 

1 14);  male  claspers  (Fig.  125) nitenatus  Knight  (p.  156) 

Hind  tibiae  banded  with  brown;  apical  half  of  wing  membrane  fuscous  (Figs. 
115-117)    5 

5.  Pronotum  and  hemelytra  mostly  grayish  (Fig.   115);  male  claspers  (Fig.   124) 

aphidiphdgus  Knight  (p.  156) 

Pronotum  and  hemelytra  mostly  brown;  wing  membrane  with  large  fuscous 
spot  near  apex  (Fig.  116) 6 

6.  Pronotum  without  black  rays  behind  calli  (Fig.  116);  male  claspers  (Fig.  127) 

fasciolus  Knight  (p.  158) 

Pronotum  with  black  rays  behind  calli  (Fig.  117);  male  claspers  (Fig.  128)    . . . 
borealis  (Van  Duzee)  (p.  160) 


Deraeocoris  bakeri  Knight 

Fig.  Ill;  Map  61 

Deraeocoris  (Camptobrochis)  bakeri  Knight,  1921a:  102. 

Length  3.6—4.2  mm;  width  1.7-2.0  mm.  Head  black,  tip  of  clypeus 
and  carina  often  pale  yellow.  Pronotum  black,  calli  impunctate.  Scutellum 
black,  apex  often  pale  yellow;  punctate.  Hemelytra  black;  apical  half  of 
wing  membrane  clear. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  small  size,  by  the 
black  pronotum  and  hemelytra,  and  by  the  clear  apical  half  of  the  wing 
membrane  (Fig.  111). 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on 
aphids  and  psyllids. 

The  adults  hibernate.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  the  spring  and  during 
early  summer,  and  the  overwintered  adults  gradually  die  out  by  the  end  of 
July.  The  nymphs  appear  about  the  end  of  April  or  early  May,  and  new 
generation  adults  appear  about  the  end  of  May  or  early  June.  Thus,  the 
new  adults  overlap  the  declining  numbers  of  overwintered  adults.  The 
new  adults  are  active  throughout  the  summer  and  fall  until  hibernation. 

150 


Fig.  111.  Deraeocoris  bakeri 


Also  collected  on  Chrysothamnus  nauseosus,  Artemisia  tridentata ,  and 
Purshia  tridentata,  and  carrot. 

Distribution.     Western  USA;  British  Columbia  (Map  61). 


151 


Deraeocoris  nebulosus  (Uhler) 

Fig.  112;  Map  62 

Camptobrochis  nebulosus  Uhler,  1872:414. 

Deraeocoris  (Camptobrochis)  nebulosus:  Knight,  192 la:91 . 

Length  3.2—4.0  mm;  width  1.4—1.9  mm.  Head  light  brown  marked 
with  black.  Pronotum  light  brown,  callus  and  spot  behind  black;  calli 
punctate.  Scutellum  black,  side  margins  and  apex  pale  yellow;  punctate. 
Hemelytra  light  brown  marked  with  black;  wing  membrane  mostly  clear, 
spot  near  outer  margin  fuscous. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  small  size,  by  the 
color  pattern  on  the  dorsum,  by  the  punctate  calli  and  scutellum,  and  by 
the  fuscous  spot  on  the  wing  membrane  (Fig.  112). 

Collected  on  apple  and  pear  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Quebec;  on  apple, 
pear,  peach,  sour  cherry,  and  mulberry  in  Ontario;  predaceous  on  aphids 
and  mites.  Gilliatt  (1935)  observed  the  species  preying  on  red  mites  in 
Nova  Scotia;  MacPhee  and  Sanford  (1956)  observed  it  preying  on  mites, 
aphids,  and  larvae  of  eyespotted  bud  moth  and  codling  moth. 

The  adults  hibernate.  The  life  history  is  similar  to  that  of  bakeri,  but 
the  nymphs  appear  in  June  and  the  adults  in  July. 


Map  62.  Collection  localities  for  Deraeocoris  nebulosus  (m),  and  Deraeocoris  brevis  (%). 


152 


Also  collected  on  Tilia  cordata,  Salix  spp.,  Quercus  spp.,  J uglans  nigra, 
and  Corylus  americana. 

Distribution.     Widespread  in  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario 
(Map  62). 


Fig.  1 12.  Deraeocoris  nebulosus 


153 


Deraeocorls  brevis  (Uhler) 

Fig.  113;  Map  62 

Camptobrochis  brevis  Uhler,  1904:359. 

Deraeocoris  (Camptobrochis)  brevis:  Knight,  1921a:  103. 

Length  4.6—4.9  mm;  width  2.1-2.5  mm.  Head  black  marked  with 
yellow.  Pronotum  black,  side  margins  often  pale  brown,  callus  impunc- 
tate.  Scutellum  black,  side  margins  and  apex  yellow;  punctate.  Hemelytra 
light  brown  marked  with  black;  wing  membrane  mostly  pale  on  basal  half, 
fuscous  on  apical  half. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  color  pattern  on  the 
dorsum,  by  the  impunctate  calli,  by  the  punctate  scutellum,  and  by  the 
fuscous  apical  half  of  the  wing  membrane  (Fig.  1 13). 

Collected  on  apple,  pear,  and  raspberry  in  British  Columbia;  on 
saskatoon,  chokecherry,  and  raspberry  in  the  Prairie  Provinces;  pre- 
daceous  on  mites,  aphids,  and  psyllids.  McMullen  and  Jong  (1967)  ob- 
served the  species  preying  on  mites  and  pear  psylla  in  British  Columbia. 

The  adults  hibernate.  The  life  history  is  similar  to  that  of  bakeri. 

Also  collected  on  Artemisia  tridentata,  Acer  negundo,  Ceanothus  san- 
guineus, Spiraea  douglassi,  Pinus  contorta,  P.  banksiana,  Juniperus  communis, 
and  carrot. 

Distribution.  Western  USA;  British  Columbia,  Prairie  Provinces 
(Map  62). 


Map  63.  Collection  localities  for  Deraeocoris  nitenatus. 


154 


Fig.  113.  Deraeocoris  brevis 


155 


Deraeocoris  nitenatus  Knight 

Figs.  114,  125;  Map  63 

Deraeocoris  nitenatus  Knight,  1921a:  141. 

Length  5.6—6.3  mm;  width  2.6—2.9  mm.  Head  mostly  pale  yellow, 
frons  with  several  transverse  black  bars.  Pronotum  light  brown,  punc- 
tures black;  calli  margined  with  black.  Scutellum  impunctate.  Hemelytra 
light  brown;  corium  often  reddish,  punctures  black.  Apical  half  of  wing 
membrane  clear.  Tibiae  pale  yellow. 

Remarks.  The  species  is  distinguished  by  the  pale  tibiae  (Fig.  1 14) 
and  by  the  male  claspers  (Fig.  125). 

Collected  on  chokecherry  in  Quebec;  on  apple,  pear,  and  mulberry 
in  Ontario;  on  chokecherry  and  saskatoon  in  the  Prairie  Provinces;  pre- 
daceous  on  aphids  and  psyllids. 

Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage.  The  nymphs  appear  about  the  first  of 
May  and  the  adults  about  early  June.  The  adults  are  active  throughout 
June,  July,  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out  by  September. 

Also  collected  on  Qjuercus  spp.,  and  Ulmus  americana. 

Distribution.  Eastern  and  north  central  USA;  Quebec,  Ontario, 
Prairie  Provinces  (Map  63). 


Deraeocoris  aphidiphagus  Knight 

Figs.  1 15,  126;  Map  64 

Deraeocoris  aph idiphagus  Knight,  192 1«:  134. 

Length  5.7—6.6  mm;  width  2.8-3.2  mm.  Head  pale  yellow  marked 
with  black.  Pronotum  gray,  calli  and  punctures  black.  Scutellum  pale  with 
longitudinal  bar  each  side  of  middle  black;  impunctate.  Hemelytra 
grayish  marked  with  black.  Ventral  surface  brown;  legs  mostly  pale;  hind 
femur  brown  on  apical  half;  tibiae  banded  with  brown. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  grayish  color  of  the 
hemelytra  (Fig.  115)  and  by  the  left  clasper  (Fig.  126). 

Collected  on  apple  in  Prince  Edward  Island,  New  Brunswick, 
Quebec,  and  Ontario;  on  pear  in  Nova  Scotia;  on  chokecherry  and  saska- 
toon in  the  Prairie  Provinces;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage.  The  life  history  is  similar  to  that  of 
nitenatus. 


156 


Fig.  114.  Deraeocoris  nitenatus 


157 


Map  64.  Collection  localities  for  Deraeocoris  aphidiphagus. 


Also  collected  on  Quercus  spp.,  and  Ulmus  americana. 

Distribution.     Eastern  USA;  Maritime  Provinces,  Quebec,  Ontario, 
Prairie  Provinces  (Map  64). 


Deraeocoris  fasciolus  Knight 

Figs.  116,  127;  Map  65 

Deraeocoris  fasciolus  Knight,  1921a:  123. 

Length  6.3-7.0  mm;  width  2.9-3.2  mm.  Head  pale  brown  marked 
with  black  bars.  Pronotum  light  brown,  punctures  black;  calli  marked  with 
irregular  black  bars.  Scutellum  light  brown,  broad  area  each  side  of 
median  line  black.  Hemelytra  reddish  brown;  corium  with  black  spot  at 
middle;  cuneus  pale,  tip  black;  wing  membrane  with  large  rounded 
fuscous  spot  at  apex.  Ventral  surface  reddish  brown. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  reddish  brown  color, 
by  the  irregular  black  markings  on  the  calli,  by  the  rounded  fuscous  spot 
on  the  wing  membrane  (Fig.  116),  and  by  the  male  claspers  (Fig.  127). 

Collected  on  apple  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Quebec;  on  apple  and  mulber- 
ry in  Ontario;  on  pin  cherry  and  raspberry  in  the  Prairie  Provinces;  on 
apple  and  pear  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on  aphids,  psyllids,  and 
mites.  Lord  (1949)  observed  the  species  preying  on  apple  aphids,  and 
MacPhee  and  Sanford  (1954)  observed  it  preying  on  mites,  aphids,  codl- 
ing moth,  and  eyespotted  bud  moth  eggs  and  larvae  in  Nova  Scotia; 


Fig.  115.  Deraeocoris  aphidiphagus 


159 


Map  65.  Collection  localities  for  Deraeocoris  fasciolus. 


Braimah  et  al.  ( 1 98 1 )  observed  the  species  on  apple  in  Quebec.  McMullen 
and  Jong  (1967)  observed  it  preying  on  mites  and  psyllids  in  British 
Columbia. 

Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage.  The  life  history  is  similar  to  that  of 
nitenatus. 

Also  collected  on  Alnus  spp.,  Betula  spp.,  Salix  spp.,  Acer  negundo,  and 
Quercus  macrocarpa. 

Distribution.     Northeastern  and  north  central  USA,  Oregon;  Nova 
Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Prairie  Provinces,  British  Columbia  (Map  65). 


Deraeocoris  borealis  (Van  Duzee) 

Figs.  117,  128;  Map  66 

Camptobrochis  borealis  Van  Duzee,  1920:354. 
Deraeocoris  borealis:  Knight,  192  la:  120. 

Length  5.7-7.0  mm;  width  2.6-2.9  mm.  Head  light  brown  marked 
with  black  bars.  Pronotum  light  brown,  punctures  black;  calli  black  with 
black  rays  behind.  Scutellum  yellow  with  broad  area  each  side  of  median 
line  black.  Hemelytra  light  brown;  cuneus  pale,  tip  black;  wing  membrane 
with  rounded  spot  at  apex  as  in  fasciolus.  Ventral  surface  reddish  brown. 


160 


Fig.  116.  Deraeocoris  fasciolus 


161 


Map  66.  Collection  localities  for  Deraeocoris  borealis  (%),  and  Campyloneura  virgula 
(m). 


Remarks.  This  species  is  similar  to  fasciolus  in  appearance.  It  is 
separated  from  fasciolus  by  the  completely  black  calli  and  the  black  rays 
behind  them  (Fig.  1 17),  and  by  the  differences  in  the  right  clasper  (Fig. 
128). 

Collected  on  apple  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario;  on  pin  cherry  in 
Quebec;  predaceous  on  aphids.  Caesar  (1920)  reported  the  species 
preying  on  apple  aphids  in  Ontario. 

Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage.  The  life  history  is  similar  to  that  of 
nitenatus. 

Also  collected  on  Alnus  rugosa. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario 
(Map  66). 


Subfamily  Dicyphinae  Reuter 

The  following  are  the  subfamily  characteristics:  1)  large  pronotal 
collar;  2)  slender  delicate  form;  3)  second  segment  of  hind  tarsus  longer 
than  first;  4)  tarsal  claws  sharply  angled  at  their  bases;  5)  hairlike  parem- 
podia;  and  6)  large  pulvilli. 

The  subfamily  is  represented  by  four  genera  and  seven  species.  Five 
species  are  predaceous,  two  species  are  predaceous  and  phytophagous. 


162 


Fig.  117.  Deraeocoris  borealis 


163 


Key  to  genera  of  Dicyphinae 

1.  Eyes  close  to  pronotum  (Figs.  1 18,1 19)   2 

Eyes  remote  from  pronotum  (Fig.  120) 3 

2.  Second  antennal  segment  much  longer  than  width  of  pronotum  (Fig.  118) 

Campyloneura  Fieber  (p.  164) 

Second  antennal  segment  shorter  than  width  of  pronotum  (Fig.  119)    

Cyrtopeltis  Fieber  (p.  165) 

3.  Eyes  small  (Fig.  120)  Macrolophus  Fieber  (p.  168) 

Eves  large  (Figs.  121-124) Dicyphus  Fieber  (p.  170) 


Genus  Campyloneura  Fieber 

Elongate,  slender  species.  Head  vertical;  eyes  large,  close  to  pro- 
notum, carina  between  them  absent.  Pronotum,  scutellum,  and  hemelytra 
impunctate;  pubescence  simple. 

One  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  was  collected.  Overwinters  in 
the  egg  stage. 

Campyloneura  virgula  (Herrich-Schaeffer) 

Fig.  118;  Map  66 

Capsus  virgula  Herrich-Schaeffer,  1836:51. 
Campyloneura  virgula:  Fieber,  1861:268. 

Length  4.0—4.7  mm;  width  1.2-1.4  mm.  Head  black,  spot  behind 
each  eye  yellow.  First  antennal  segment  mostly  pale  yellow,  second  seg- 
ment black,  longer  than  width  of  pronotum  at  base.  Pronotum  pale  green, 
calli  orange  or  reddish.  Scutellum  yellow.  Hemelytra  pale  translucent; 
clavus  often  brown,  cuneus  yellow,  apex  red.  Ventral  surface  pale  yellow, 
side  of  abdomen  with  black  spot  near  apex;  legs  pale  yellow. 

Remarks.  Downes  ( 1 957)  first  reported  this  European  species  from 
British  Columbia.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  black  head,  by  the  orange  or 
red  calli,  and  by  the  yellow  cuneus  with  a  red  apex  (Fig.  118). 

Collected  on  plum  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on  mites.  Only 
the  females  were  collected. 

The  nymphs  appear  in  May  and  the  adults  in  early  June.  The  females 
are  active  from  June  to  September,  gradually  dying  out  by  the  end  of 
September. 

Also  collected  on  Acer  macrophyllum,  Corylus  calif ornica,  Ligustrum  vul- 
gar e,  and  Rosa  nutkana. 

Distribution.     Europe;  British  Columbia  (Map  66). 
164 


Genus  Cyrtopeltis  Fieber 

Elongate,  slender  species.  Head  oblique,  eyes  large,  close  to  pro- 
notum,  carina  between  them  absent.  Pronotum  finely  rugose.  Hemelytra 
impunctate;  pubescence  simple. 

One  species  was  collected.  Adults  hibernate. 


Cyrtopeltis  bakeri  Knight 

Figs.  119,  129;  Map  67 

Cyrtopeltis  bakeri  Knight,  1943:58. 

Length  3.5— 3.7  mm;  width  1.0-1.1  mm.  Head  black,  spot  near  each 
eye  on  vertex  yellow.  First  antennal  segment  black,  base  and  apex  yellow; 
second  segment  yellow,  base  and  apex  fuscous,  shorter  than  width  of 
pronotum  at  base.  Pronotum  and  scutellum  black.  Hemelytra  black; 
costal  margin  pale  green,  cuneus  pale  green,  spot  near  apex  black.  Ven- 
tral surface  black;  legs  pale  green. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  black  head,  pro- 
notum, and  scutellum,  by  the  black  hemelytra  with  pale  green  costal 
margins  (Fig.  119),  and  by  the  sickle-shaped  left  clasper  (Fig.  129). 


Map  67.  Collection  localities  for  Cyrtopeltis  bakeri  (m),  and  Macrolophus  tenuicornis 


165 


Fig.  118.  Campy loneura  virgula 


166 


Fig.  119.  Cyrtopeltis  bakeri 


167 


Collected  on  thimbleberry  in  British  Columbia;  predaceous  on 
aphids. 

The  overwintered  adults  lay  eggs  early  in  the  spring,  and  gradually 
die  out  by  the  end  of  June.  The  nymphs  appear  about  the  end  of  May  and 
the  new  adults  about  the  end  of  June.  The  new  generation  adults  are 
active  until  hibernation. 

Distribution.     Oregon,  Washington;  British  Columbia  (Map  67). 


Genus  Macrolophus  Fieber 

Elongate,  slender  species.  Head  horizontal,  front  declivent;  eyes 
small,  far  removed  from  pronotum;  carina  between  eyes  absent.  Pro- 
notum  and  hemelytra  impunctate;  pubescence  simple.  Legs  long  and 
slender. 

One  species  was  collected.  Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage. 


Macrolophus  tenuicornis  Blatchley 

Fig.  120;  Map  67 

Macrolophus  tenuicornis  Blatchley,  1926:913. 
Macrolophus  longicornis  Knight,  1926:314. 

Length  4.0—4.4  mm;  width  0.9—1.1  mm.  Head  green,  stripe  behind 
each  eye  black;  first  antennal  segment  mostly  black,  longer  than  width  of 
head;  second  segment  green,  apex  black,  longer  than  width  of  pronotum 
at  base.  Pronotum  and  scutellum  green.  Hemelytra  green;  clavus  and 
inner  corium  spotted  with  fuscous,  outer  corium  with  large  black  spot 
near  apex;  cuneus  pale  green,  apex  black.  Ventral  surface  and  legs  green. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  small  eyes,  by  the 
long  first  antennal  segments,  and  by  the  spotting  on  the  hemelytra  (Fig. 
118). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  Quebec,  and 
Ontario;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

The  nymphs  appear  about  mid-May  and  the  adults  about  mid-June. 
The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and  August,  and  gradually  die  out 
by  early  September. 

Also  collected  on  Dennstaedtia  punctilobula,  Polymnia  canadensis,  Aster 
spp.,  Gerardia  pectinata,  and  Geranium  sp. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Maritime  Provinces,  Quebec,  Ontario 
(Map  67). 

168 


Fig.  120.  Macrolophus  tenuicornis 


169 


Genus  Dicyphus  Fieber 

Elongate,  slender  species.  Head  nearly  vertical  in  front;  eyes  large, 
considerably  removed  from  pronotum;  carina  between  eyes  absent.  Pro- 
notum  impunctate,  calli  prominent.  Hemelytra  impunctate;  pubescence 
simple.  Legs  long,  slender. 

Four  species  were  collected;  three  species  hibernate,  one  overwinters 
in  the  egg  stage. 

Key  to  species  of  Dicyphus 

1.  Osteolar  peritreme  depressed,  inconspicuous;  pronotum  black  or  with  yellow 

median  line  (Fig.  121);  left  clasper  (Fig.  130) rubi  Knight  (p.  170) 

Osteolar  peritreme  elevated,  prominent;  pronotum  mostly  yellowish  or  red- 
dish       2 

2.  Larger  species,  over  4.4  mm  long  (Fig.  122);  left  clasper  (Fig.  131)    

famelicus  (Uhler)  (p.  172) 

Small  species,  under  4.0  mm  long 3 

3.  Second  antennal  segment  longer  than  width  of  pronotum  at  base  (Fig.  123); 

left  clasper  (Fig.  132)    discrepans  Knight  (p.  174) 

Second  antennal  segment  shorter  than  width  of  pronotum  at  base  (Fig.  124); 
left  clasper  (Fig.  133)    Hesperus  Knight  (p.  176) 

Dicyphus  rubi  Knight 
Figs.  121,  130;  Map  68 
Dicyphus  rubi  Knight,  1968:72. 


Map  68.  Collection  localities  for  Dicyphus  rubi. 
170 


Fig.  121.  Dicyphus  rubi 


171 


Length  4.2—4.6  mm;  width  0.9—1.1  mm.  Head  black,  spot  on  top  next 
to  each  eye  yellow.  First  antennal  segment  pale,  second  segment  black. 
Pronotum  black,  wedge-shaped  median  area  often  green;  collar  white. 
Scutellum  black.  Hemelytra  pale  green;  inner  clavus  fuscous,  spot  at  apex 
of  embolium  and  at  apex  of  cuneus  fuscous.  Ventral  surface  black;  legs 
green. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  black  scutellum,  by 
the  pale  first  antennal  segment,  by  the  black  second  antennal  segment 
(Fig.  121),  and  by  the  slender  process  on  the  left  clasper  (Fig.  130). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  Quebec,  Ontario, 
and  Prairie  Provinces;  on  squashberry,  thimbleberry,  raspberry,  and 
gooseberry  in  British  Columbia;  phytophagous  and  predaceous  on 
aphids. 

Overwinters  in  the  egg  stage.  The  nymphs  appear  in  early  May  and 
the  adults  in  early  June.  The  adults  are  active  throughout  July  and 
August,  and  gradually  die  out  by  mid-September. 

Distribution.  New  York,  Michigan,  Colorado,  Utah;  Maritime 
Provinces,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Prairie  Provinces,  British  Columbia  (Map 
68). 

Dicyphus  famelicus  (Uhler) 

Figs.  122,  131;  Map  69 

1 do loc oris  famelicus  Uhler,  1878:413. 
Dicyphus  famelicus:  Atkinson,  1890:128. 


Map  69.  Collection  localities  for  Dicyphus  famelicus. 
Ill 


Length  4 .4- 4.7  mm;  width  1.0-1.2  mm.  Head  light  yellow  often 
marked  with  red.  First  antennal  segment  pale  green,  bar  near  base  and 
apex  red;  second  segment  pale  green,  apical  one  third  red  or  black. 
Pronotum  and  scutellum  light  yellow.  Hemelytra  opaque  white  marked 
with  orange  or  red.  Ventral  surface  yellow  or  orange;  legs  pale  green. 
Macropterous. 


Fig.  122.  Dicyphus  famelicus 


173 


Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  large  size,  by  the 
reddish  or  orange  color  on  the  hemelvtra  (Fig.  1 22),  and  by  the  left  clasper 
(Fig.  131). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Quebec,  and 
Ontario;  phytophagous,  and  predaceous  on  aphids. 

The  adults  hibernate.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  the  spring,  and  the  adults 
gradually  die  out  by  the  end  of  June.  The  nymphs  appear  about  the  first 
part  of  June  and  the  new  adults  about  the  first  part  of  July.  The  new  adults 
are  active  until  hibernation. 

Distribution.  Eastern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Quebec, 
Ontario  (Map  69). 


Dicyphus  discrepans  Knight 

Figs.  123,  132;  Map  70 

Dicyphus  discrepans  Knight,  1923/?;476. 

Length  3.2—3.9  mm;  width  0.9—1.1  mm.  Head  black,  area  behind 
each  eye  yellow.  Rostrum  1.4—1.6  mm  long.  First  antennal  segment  yel- 
low, base  and  apex  red,  often  all  black;  second  segment  longer  than  width 
of  pronotum  at  base.  Pronotum  pale  yellow,  transverse  groove  behind 
calli  often  red.  Scutellum  yellow,  median  longitudinal  line  reddish  brown. 


Map  70.  Collection  localities  for  Dicyphus  discrepans. 


174 


Fig.  123.  Dicyphus  discrepans 


175 


Hemelytra  opaque  white  marked  with  fuscous;  apex  of  corium  with  black 
spot,  apex  of  cuneus  red.  Ventral  surface  black;  legs  pale  green. 
Brachypterous  and  macropterous. 

Remarks.  This  species  is  distinguished  by  the  black  head  (Fig.  123) 
and  the  black  ventral  surface,  and  by  the  left  clasper  (Fig.  132). 

Collected  on  raspberry  in  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Quebec, 
Ontario,  and  Prairie  Provinces;  on  thimbleberry  and  gooseberry  in  Brit- 
ish Columbia;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

The  adults  hibernate.  The  life  history  is  similar  to  that  offamelicus. 

Also  collected  on  Aster  spp.,  Salix  spp.,  and  Rosa  spp. 

Distribution.  Northern  USA;  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
Quebec,  Ontario,  Prairie  Provinces,  British  Columbia  (Map  70). 


Dicyphus  Hesperus  Knight 

Figs.  124,  133;  Map  71 

Dicyphus  hesperus  Knight,  1943:56. 

Length  3.2-3.9  mm;  width  0.9-1.1  mm.  Rostrum  1.2-1.4  mm  long. 
First  antennal  segment  black,  middle  area  often  yellow;  second  segment 
shorter  than  width  of  pronotum  at  base.  Similar  to  discrepans  in  size  and 
color.  Males  macropterous,  females  macropterous  and  brachypterous. 


Map  7 1 .  Collection  localities  for  Dicyphus  hesperus. 


176 


Fig.  124.  Dicyphus  hesperus 


111 


131 


133 


Figs.  125—133.  Male  claspers  of  Deraeocorinae  and  Dicyphinae.  125,  Deraeocoris 
nitenatus;  126,  Deraeocoris  aphidiphagus;  127 ,  Deraeocoris  fasciolus;  128,  Deraeocoris 
borealis;  129,  Cyrtopeltis  bakeri;  130,  Dicyphus  rubi;  131,  Dicyphus  famelicus;  132, 
Dicyphus  discrepans;  133,  Dicyphus  hesperus. 


178 


Remarks.  This  species  is  separated  from  discrepans  by  the  shorter 
second  antennal  segment  (Fig.  124)  and  by  the  absence  of  the  notch  on  the 
left  clasper  (Fig.  133). 

Collected  on  raspberry,  blackberry,  and  thimbleberry  in  British  Co- 
lumbia; on  raspberry  in  the  Prairie  Provinces;  on  raspberry  and  thim- 
bleberry in  Ontario,  Quebec,  and  New  Brunswick;  predaceous  on  aphids. 

The  adults  hibernate.  The  life  history  is  similar  to  that  of  famelicus . 

Also  collected  on  Mentha  arvensis. 

Distribution.  Western  USA;  British  Columbia,  Prairie  Provinces, 
Ontario,  Quebec,  New  Brunswick  (Map  71). 


179 


Scientific  and  common  names  of  plants 


Abies  balsamea 

Abies  lasiocarpa 

Acer  macrophyllum 

Acer  negundo 

Acer  saccharum 

alfalfa 

Allegheny  serviceberry 

alpine  fir 

Alnus  rugosa 

Ambrosia  trifida 

Amelanchier  alnifolia 

Amelanchier  laevis 

American  beech 

American  elm 

American  hazelnut 

apple 

apricot 

American  elm 

Artemisia  tridentata 

balsam  fir 
basswood 
Betula  occidentalis 
Betula  papyrifera 
big  sagebrush 
blackberry 
black  ash 
black  cherry 
black  locust 
black  walnut 
blue  beech 
blueberry 
bog-laurel 
broom 

broadleaf  maple 
bur  oak 

California  hazelnut 
caragana 

Caragana  arborescens 
Carpinus  caroliniana 
Carya  ovata 
Carya  spp. 
Ceanothus  sanguineus 
chokecherry 
chrysanthemum 


balsam  fir 
alpine  fir 
broadleaf  maple 
Manitoba  maple 
sugar  maple 
Me  die  a  go  sativa 
Amelanchier  laevis 
Abies  lasiocarpa 
speckled  alder 
giant  ragweed 
saskatoon 

Allegheny  serviceberry 
Fagus  grandifolia  ' 
Ulmus  americana 
Corylus  americana 
Malus  spp. 
Prunus  armeniaca 
Ulmus  americana 
big  sagebrush 

Abies  balsamea 
Tilia  americana 
water  birch 
paper  birch 
Artemisia  tridentata 
Rubus  ur sinus 
Fraxinus  nigra 
Prunus  serotina 
Robinea  pseudacacia 
Juglans  nigra 
Carpinus  caroliniana 
Vaccinium  spp. 
Kalmia  polifolia 
Cytisus  scoparius 
Acer  macrophyllum 
Quercus  macrocarpa 

Corylus  californica 

Caragana  arborescens 

caragana 

blue  beech 

shagbark  hickory 

hickory 

redstem  ceanothus 

Prunus  virginiana 

Chrysanthemum  spp. 


180 


Chrysanthemum  spp. 
Chrysothamnus  nauseosus 
Corylus  americana 
Corylus  avellana 
Corylus  calif ornica 
cranberry 

Crataegus  chrysocarpa 
common  mullein 
common  privet 
common  wild  rose 
common  witch-hazel 
currant 
Cytisus  scoparius 

Dennstaedtia  punctilobula 

elderberry 
European  ash 
European  beech 
European  hazel 

Fagus  gr audi  folia 
Fagus  sylvatica 
field  mint 
fireberry 
Fragaria  spp. 
Fraxinus  americana 
Fraxinus  excelsior 
Fraxinus  nigra 
Fraxinus  pennsylvanica 

geranium 
Geranium  spp. 
gerardia 

Gerardia  pectinata 
giant  ragweed 
gooseberry 
grape,  cultivated 
grape,  wild 
greasewood 

Hamamelis  virginiana 

hayscented  fern 

hickory 

high  bush-cranberry 

ironwood 

Juglans  nigra 


chrysanthemum 
rabbitbrush 
American  hazelnut 
European  hazel 
California  hazelnut 
Vaccinium  macrocarpon 
fireberry 
Verbascum  thapsus 
Ligustrum  vulgar e 
Rosa  nutkana 
Hamamelis  virginiana 
Ribes  spp. 
broom 

hayscented  fern 

Sambucus  glauca 
Fraxinus  excelsior 
Fagus  sylvatica 
Corylus  avellana 

American  beech 
European  beech 
Mentha  arvensis 
Crataegus  chrysocarpa 
strawberry 
white  ash 
European  ash 
black  ash 
red  ash 

Geranium  spp. 
geranium 
Gerardia  pectinata 
gerardia 
Ambrosia  trifida 
Ribes  spp. 
Vitis  spp. 
Vitis  rotundifolia 
Purshia  tridentata 

common  witch-hazel 

Dennstaedtia  punctilobula 
Carya  spp. 
Viburnum  trilobum 

Ostrya  virginiana 

black  walnut 


181 


Kalmia  polifolia 


bog-laurel 


leafcup 

Ligustrum  vulgar e 
lodgepole  pine 
loganberry 

Malus  spp. 
Manitoba  maple 

Medicago  sativa 
Mentha  arvensis 
Morus  rubra 

nannyberry 

oak 

Ostrya  virginiana 

paper  birch 

Picea  glauca 

peach 

pear 

pin  cherry 

Pinus  contorta 
plum 

Polymnia  canadensis 
potato 
prickly  ash 
Prunus  armeniaca 
Prunus  avium 
Prunus  cerasus 
Prunus  domestica 
Prunus  pensylvanica 
Prunus  persica 
Prunus  serotina 
Prunus  virginiana 
Purshia  tridentata 
pyramidal  spirea 

Quercus  alba 
Quercus  macrocarpa 
Quercus  rubra 

rabbitbrush 

raspberry 

red  ash 

red  mulberry 

red  oak 

redstem  ceanothus 

Ribes  spp. 


Polymnia  canadensis 
common  privet 
Pinus  contorta 
Rub  us  spp. 

apple 

Acer  negundo 
alfalfa 
field  mint 
red  mulberry 

Viburnum  lentago 

Quercus  spp. 
ironwood 

Betula  papyri f era 

white  spruce 

Prunus  persica 

Pyrus  communis 

Prunus  pensylvanica 

lodgepole  pine 

Prunus  domestica 

leafcup 

Solanum  spp. 

Zanthoxylum  americanum 

apricot 

sweet  cherry 

sour  cherry 

plum 

pin  cherry 

peach 

black  cherry 

chokecherry 

greasewood 

Spiraea  pyramidea 

white  oak 
bur  oak 
red  oak 

Chrysothamnus  nauseosus 

Rubus  spp. 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica 

Morus  rubra 

Quercus  rubra 

Ceanothus  sanguineus 

currant 


182 


Ribes  spp. 
Robinea  pseudacacia 
Rosa  nutkana 
Rubus  spp. 
Rubus  spp. 
Rubus  parviflorus 
Rubus  ursinus 
russet  buffaloberry 

Salix  interior 
Sambucus  glauca 
sandbar  willow 
saskatoon 
shagbark  hickory 
Shepherdia  canadensis 
small-leaved  lime 
Solarium  spp. 
sour  cherry 
speckled  alder 
Spiraea  pyramidea 
squashberry 
strawberry 
sugar  maple 
sweet  cherry 

thimbleberry 
Tilia  americana 
Tilia  cordata 

Ulmus  americana 

Vaccinium  spp. 
Vaccinium  macrocarpon 
Verbascum  thapsus 
Viburnum  edule 
Viburnum  lentago 
Viburnum  trilobum 
Vitis  spp. 
Vitis  rotundifolia 

water  birch 
white  ash 
white  oak 
white  spruce 

Zanthoxylum  americanum 


gooseberry 
black  locust 
common  wild  rose 
loganberry 
raspberry 
thimbleberry 
blackberry 
Shepherdia  canadensis 

sandbar  willow 
elderberry 
Salix  interior 
Amelanchier  alnifolia 
Carya  ovata 
russet  buffaloberry 
Tilia  cordata 
potato 

Prunus  cerasus 
Alnus  rugosa 
pyramidal  spirea 
Viburnum  edule 
Fragaria  spp. 
Acer  saccharum 
Prunus  avium 

Rubus  parviflorus 
basswood 
small-leaved  lime 

American  elm 

blueberry 

cranberry 

common  mullein 

squashberry 

nannyberry 

high  bush-cranberry 

grape,  cultivated 

grape,  wild 

Betula  occidentalis 
Fraxinus  americana 
Quercus  alba 
Picea  glauca 

prickly  ash 


183 


Glossary 

Structures  labeled  in  Figure  1  are  not  repeated  here. 

apex     That  part  of  any  joint  or  structure  opposite  the  base  by  which  it  is 

attached. 
appressed     Pressed  close  to  or  lying  flat. 
apterous     Lacking  wings. 

brachypterous     With  short  or  abbreviated  wings. 
claspers     The  left  and  right  structures  on  the  male  genital  segment  used 

in  copulation. 
clavate     Club-shaped. 
convergent     Coming  together. 

convex     Rounded  outward  like  the  outside  of  a  bowl. 
costal     The  lateral  margin  of  the  hemelytron. 
declivent     Sloping  gradually  downward. 
divergent     Drawing  apart. 
dorsum     Dorsal  surface. 

ductus  seminis     The  seminal  duct  of  the  male  genitalia. 
dusky     Somewhat  dark  in  color. 
fuscous     Dusky;  brownish  gray,  approaching  black. 
glabrous     Hairs  present,  but  too  short  to  be  seen  readily. 
horizontal     Relating  to  the  horizontal  plane. 
impunctate     Without  punctures. 
incrasssate     Thickened  toward  the  apex. 
irrorate     Speckled. 

macropterous     Wings  fully  developed. 
nymph     An  immature  mirid. 
oblique     Inclined,  sloping. 
pilose     Covered  with  fine,  long  hairs. 
pleuron     The  side  of  the  thorax. 
predaceous     Preying  on  other  insects. 
pruinose     Covered  with  whitish  dust. 
pubescence     Fine,  soft  hair  covering  the  surface. 
punctate     Marked  with  small  depressions. 
rugose     Wrinkled. 

sclerite     A  hard  sclerotized  piece  of  integument,  or  covering. 
sericeous     Silky. 
spiculum     A  slender  sclerite. 
striate     Grooved. 
submedian     Below  the  median;  e.g.,  a  line  on  the  frons  between  the 

median  line  and  the  eye. 
trunctate     Squared  rather  than  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  tip. 
tubercle     A  small  or  moderate  projection. 
tumid     Swollen. 
vesica     The  male  phallus,  or  intromittent  organ. 


184 


Fruit  crop  and  plant  bug  association 

(*  phytophagous;  #  predaceous;  *#  phytophagous  and  predaceous) 

Amelanchier  spp. 

Allegheny  serviceberry 

*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  omnivagus 
*Lygocoris  quercalbae 
*Lygus  lineolaris 


saskatoon 


#Deraeocoris  aphidiphagus 
#Deraeocoris  brevis 
#Deraeocoris  nitenatus 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  quercalbae 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
*Plagiognathus  obscurus 


Fragaria  spp.  —  strawberry 


*Calocoris  norvegicus 
*Lopidea  dakota 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
*Lygus  varius 
*#Plagiognathus  chrysanthemi 


Ma/us  spp.  —  apple 


* '# Atractotomus  mali 
#B lepharidopterus  angulatus 

*#Campylomma  verbasci 
*Capsus  ater 
#Ceratocapsus  digitulus 
#Ceratocapsus  fuscinus 
#Ceratocapsus  modestus 
#Ceratocapsus  pilosulus 
#Ceratocapsus  pumilus 
#Deraeocoris  aphidiphagus 
#Deraeocoris  bakeri 
#Deraeocoris  borealis 
#Deraeocoris  brevis 
#Deraeocoris  fasciolus 
#Deraeocoris  nebulosus 
#Deraeocoris  nitenatus 
#Diaphnocoris  provancheri 


185 


#/i  //  rych  1 1 'opt ere  I la  lu  ridu  la 
*Heterocordylus  malinus 
#Heterotoma  meriopterum 
#Hyaliodes  harti 
#Hyaliodes  vitripennis 
#Lepidopsa llus  minisculus 
*L\gidea  mendax 
*L  ygocoris  co m  m  u  n  is 
*L\gocoris  om nivagus 
*Lygus  hesperus 
*Lygns  lineolaris 
*Neurocolpus  nubilus 
#Orthotylus  viridinervis 
#Paraproba  capitata 
#Phytocoris  canadensis 
#Phytocoris  conspurcatus 
#Phytocoris  corticevivens 
#Phytocoris  cortitectus 
#Phytocoris  dim idiatus 
#Phytocoris  erectus 
#Phytocoris  graallatus 
#Phytocoris  husseyi 
#Phytocoris  interspersus 
#Phytocons  lasiomerus 
#Phytocoris  neglectus 
#Phy  toe  oris  n  igrieollis 
#Phytocoris  onustus 
#Phytoeoris  salieis 
#Pilophorus  perplexus 
*#Plagiognathus  obscurus 
*#P lagiogn a th us  politus 
#Psallus  salieellus 
*Stenotus  binotatus 
*Taedia  pallidula 


Morus  rubra  —  red  mulberry 


#Ceratocapsus  modestus 
#Ceratocapsus  pilosulus 
#Deraeocoris  fasciolus 
#Deracocoris  nebulosus 
#Deraeocoris  nitenatus 
#Diaphnocoris  provancheri 
#Hyaliodes  harti 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  omnivagus 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
#Paraproba  capitata 

186 


#Phytocoris  conspurcatus 

#Phytocoris  onustus 
*#Plagiognathus  politics 


Prunus  spp. 
apricot 


#Ceratocapsus  fuscinus 
#Ceratocapsus  incisus 
#Ceratocapsus  pilosulus 
#Diaphnocoris  provancheri 
#Hyaliodes  harti 
*Lygocoris  caryae 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  omnivagus 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
#Phytocoris  sulcatus 


*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygus  lineolaris 


#Deraeocoris  aphidiphagus 
#Deraeocoris  brevis 
*Lygocoris  communis     . 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
#Phytocoris  canadensis 
*Taedia  scrupea 


#Blepharidopterus  angulatus 
* # Ca mpy lorn m a  ve rbasci 
#Ceratocapsus  digitulus 
#Ceratocapsus  fuscinus 
#Ceratocapsus  incisus 
#Ceratocapsus  pilosulus 
#Ceratocapsus  pumilus 
#Deraeocoris  nebulosus 
#Diaphnocoris  provancheri 
#Hyaliodes  harti 
*Lygocoris  caryae 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  omnivagus 
*Lygocoris  quercalbae 
*Lygus  hesperus 


black  cherry 


choke  cherry 


peach 


187 


*Lygus  lineolaris 

*Lygus  plagiatus 

*Lygus  shulli 
#Phytocoris  conspurcatus 
#Ph\tocoris  interspersus 
#Phytocoris  lasiomerus 
#Phytocoris  neglectus 
#Phytocoris  sulcatus 
*#Plagiognathus  politus 

*Stenotus  binotatus 


#Deraeocoris  borealis 
#Deraeocoris  fasciolus 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygus  lineolaris 


* #y4  tractotomus  mali 
#B lepharidopterus  angulatus 
#  Campy loneura  virgula 
# Ceratocaps us  digitulus 
#Ceratocapsus  fuscinus 
#Ceratocapsus  modes tus 
#Ceratocapsus  pilosulus 
#Diaphnocoris  provancheri 
#Hyaliodes  harti 
#Hyaliodes  vitripennis 

*Lygocoris  communis 

*Lygocoris  viburni 

*Lygus  hesperus 

*Lygus  lineolaris 
#Phytocoris  dimidiatus 
#Pilophorus  confusus 
#Pilophorus  perplexus 
*#Plagiognathus  obscurus 

*Stenotus  binotatus 


#B lepharidopterus  angulatus 
#Deraeocoris  nebulosus 
#Diaphnocoris  provancheri 
#Hyaliodes  harti 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  omnivagus 
*Lygus  lineolaris 

188 


pin  cherry 


plum 


sour  cherry 


sweet  cherry 


#B lepharidopterus  angulatus 
#Diaphnocoris  provancheri 
#Hyaliodes  harti 

*Lygocoris  communis 

*Lygocoris  omnivagus 

*Lygus  hesperus 

*Lygus  shulli 

*Lygus  lineolaris 
#Phytocoris  conspurcatus 
#Phytocoris  interspersus 
#Phytocoris  lasiomerus 
#Phytocoris  neglectus 
#Phytocoris  sulcatus 

*Stenotus  binotatus 


Pyrus  spp.  —  pear 


*#Atractotomus  mali 

#B  lepharidopterus  angulatus 
* :#  Campy  lomma  verbasci 
#Ceratocapsus  digitulus 
#Ceratocapsus  fuscinus 
#Ceratocapsus  incisus 
#Ceratocapsus  modestus 
#Ceratocapsus  pilosulus 
#Ceratocapsus  pumilus 
#Deraeocoris  aphidiphagus 
#Deraeocoris  bakeri 
#Deraeocoris  brevis 
#Deraeocoris  fasciolus 
#Deraeocoris  nebulosus 
#Deraeocoris  nitenatus 
#Diaphnocoris  provancheri 
#Eurychilopterella  luridula 
#Hyaliodes  harti 
#Hyaliodes  vitripennis 

*Lygocoris  communis 

*Lygocoris  omnivagus 

*Lygus  hesperus 

*Lygus  lineolaris 

*Lygus  plagiatus 

*Lygus  shulli 
#Orthotylus  nassatus 
#()rthotylus  viridinervis 
#Paraproba  capitata 
#Phytocoris  conspurcatus 
#Phytocoris  corticevivens 


189 


#Phytocons  cortitectus 
#Phytocoris  dnnidiatus 
#Phytocoris  husseyi 
#Ph ytoco ris  lasio merus 
#Phy  toe  oris  neglectus 
#Phytocoris  onustus 
#Phy  toe  oris  salicis 
#Pilophorus  perplexus 
*#Plagiognathus  politus 
*Stenotus  binotatus 


*#Dicyphus  rubi 
*Lopidea  dakota 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  belfragii 
*Lygus  hesperus 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
#Phytocoris  canadensis 
#Plagwgnathus  ribesi 
*Poecilocapsus  lineatus 


#Dicyphus  discrepans 
*Lygocoris  belfragii 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
#Phytocoris  canadensis 
#Plagiog7iathus  ribesi 


Ribes  spp. 
currant 


gooseberry 


Rubus  spp. 
blackberry 


#Dicyphus  hesperus 

*Lygocoris  communis 

*Lygus  hesperus 

*Lygus  lineolaris 

*Lygus  shulli 
*#P lagiognath us  chrysan them i 
*#Plagiognathus  obscurus 


*# Campy lomma  verbasci 
*Lygocoris  communis 


loganberry 


190 


*Lygus  hesperus 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
*Lygus  shulli 
*#Plagiognathus  chrysanthemi 
*Plagiognathus  obscurus 


#Ceratocapsus  pumilus 
#Deraeocoris  brevis 
#Deraeocoris  fasciolus 
#Dicyphus  discrepans 
*#Dicyphus  famelicus 
#Dicyphus  hesperus 
*#Dicyphus  rubi 
#Heterotoma  meriopterum 
#Hyaliodes  hard 
*Lopidea  dahota 
*Lygocoris  belfragii 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygus  hesperus 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
#Macrolophus  tenuicornis 
*  # P lagiognath us  albo radia lis 
*#Plagiognathus  chrysanthem i 
*#Plagiognathus  obscurus 
*#Plagiognathus  politus 
*Poecilocapsus  lineatus 
#Psallus  salicellus 
#Rhinocapsus  vanduzeei 


raspberry 


thimbleberry 


#Crytopeltis  bakeri 
#Dicyphus  discrepans 
#Dicyphus  hesperus 
#Dicyphus  rubi 

*Lygus  lineolaris 

*Lygus  shulli 
*#Plagiognathus  chrysanthemi 

*Plagiognathus  obscurus 


Sambucus  sp.  —  elderberry 


*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
*Lygus  nubilus 


191 


*Lygus  lineolaris 
*Plagiognathus  obscurus 


*Lygns  lineolaris 
#Rhinocapsus  vanduzeei 


Vaccinium  spp. 
blueberry 

cranberry 


Viburnum  sp.  —  viburnum 


*#Dicyphus  rubi 
*Lygocoris  belfragii 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  knighti 
*Lygocoris  omnivagus 
*Lygus  lineolaris 


*Campylomma  verbasci 
#Ceratocapsus  incisus 
#Ceratocapsus  modestus 
#Hyaliodes  vitripennis 
#Hyaliodes  harti 

*Lygocoris  communis 

*Lygocoris  inconspicuus 

*Lygus  lineolaris 

*Taedia  scrupea 


#Ceratocapsus  fuscinus 
#Ceratocapsus  incisus 
#Ceratocapsus  pumilus 
*Lygocoris  communis 
*Lygocoris  inconspicuus 
*Lygus  lineolaris 
*Poecilocapsus  lineatus 
*Prepops  rubellicollis 
*Taedia  scrupea 


Vitis  spp. 
cultivated  grape 


wild  grape 


192 


References 

Arneson,  A.  P.,  King,  K.  M.,  Glen,  R.,  and  Paul,  L.  C.  1939.  Insects  of  the 

season  1938  in  Saskatchewan.  Can.  Agric.  Insect  Pest  Rev.  17:63—73. 
Atkinson,  E.  T.  1890.  Catalogue  of  the  Insecta.  II.  Order  Rhynchota, 

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198 


Index 

(Page  numbers  of  principal  entries  are  in  boldface; 
synonyms  of  species  are  in  italic  type.) 


alboradialis,  Plagiognathus   124,   132, 

133,  191 
angulatus,  Blepharidopteus  106,  107, 

109,  185,  187,  188,  189 
angulatus,  Lygaeus  106 
annulicornis,  Phytocoris  66 
aphidiphagus,  Deraeocoris   150,   156, 

158,  159,  178,  185,  187,  189 
ater,  Capsus  22,  24,  25,  185 
ater,  Cimex  24 
Atractotomus  120,  134 
bakeri,  Camptobrochis  150 
bakeri,  Cyrtopeltis  165,  167,  178,  191 
bakeri,  Deraeocoris  148,  150,  151,  152, 

154,  185,  189 
belfragii,  Lygocoris  42,  50,  51,  60,  190, 

191,  192 
belfragii,  Lygus  50 
belfragii,  Neolygus  50 
bellus,  Phytocoris  26 
bidens,  Taedia  18,  20 
binotatus,  Lygaeus  58 
binotatus,   Stenotus  58,   61,   63,    186, 

188,  189,  190 
bipunctatus,  Calocoris  62 
Blepharidopterus  88,  106 
borealis,  Camptobrochis  160 
borealis,   Deraeocoris    150,    160,    162, 

163,  178,  185,  187,  188 
brevis,  Camptobrochis  154 
brevis,  Deraeocoris  150,  152,  154,  155, 

185,  189,  191 
brunneus,  Lygus  128 
Calocoris  12,  15,  61 
Campylomma  120,  138 
Campyloneura  164 

canadensis,  Phytocoris  66,  80,  81,  84, 

186,  187,  190 
capitata,  Diaphnidia  106 
capitata,  Diaphnocoris  106 
capitata,  Paraproba  101,  106,  108,  186, 

189 
Capsus  14,  15,  24 

caryae,  Lygocoris  4 1 ,  43, 47, 48, 60,  1 87 
caryae,  Lygus  43 
caryae,  Neolygus  43 
Ceratocapsus  87,  88 


chrysanthemi,  Miris  126 
chrysanthemi,  Plagiognathus  124,  126, 

128,  129,  185,  190,  191 
colon,  Paracalocoris  22 
communis,  Lygocoris  41,  42,  45,  60, 

185,  186,  187,  188,  189,  190,  191, 
192 

communis,  Lygus  42,  43 

communis,  Neolygus  42 

confusus,  Capsus  118 

confusus,   Pilophorus    116,   118,    119, 

188 
conspurcatus,  Phytocoris  66,  74,  75,  84, 

186,  187,  188,  189 
corticevivens,  Phytocoris  65,  70,  7 1 ,  72, 

84,  186,  189 
cortitectus,  Phytocoris  66,  84,  86,  186, 

190 
Cyrtopeltis  164,  165 
dakota,  Lopidea   101,   104,   105,   121, 

185,  190,  191 

Deraeocorinae  10,  12,  141,  143,  178 

Deraeocorini  12,  143,  147 

Deraeocoris  147,  148,  150 

Diaphnocoris  88,  110 

Dicyphinae  10,  12,  162,  164,  178 

Dicyphus  164,  170 

digitulus,  Ceratocapsus  88,  92,  93,  94, 

121,  185,  187,  188,  189 
dimidiatus,  Phytocoris  66,  76,  77,  78, 

84,  186,  188,  190 
discrepans,  Dicyphus    170,   174,    175, 

176,  178,  179,  190,  191 
distinguendus,  Lygus  30 

elisus,  Lygus  36 

epelys,  Lygus  30 

erectus,  Phytocoris  66,  80,  81,  84,  186 

Eurychilopterella  147 

famelicus,    Dicyphus    170,    172,    173, 

176,  178,  179,  191 
famelicus,  Idolocoris  172 
fasciolus,  Deraeocoris   150,   158,    160, 

161,  162,  178,  185,  186,  188,  189, 

191 
flavipes,  Capsus  24 
flavonotatus,  Capsus  31 


199 


fuscinus,  Ceratocapsus  88,  97,  98,  121, 

185,  187,  188,  189,  192 

gracillatus,  Phytocoris  65,  71,  73,  84, 

186 
harti,   Hyaliodes   143,   145,    146,   186, 

187,  188,  189,  191,  192 
hawleyi,  Paracalocoris  22 
hesperus,  Dicyphus  170,  176,  177,  178, 

190,  191 

hesperus,  Lygus  30,  36,  38,  41,   186, 

187,  188,  189,  190,  191 
Heterocordylus  87,  101 
Heterotoma  87,  99 

husseyi,  Phytocoris  66,  77,  84,  186,  190 
Hyaliodes  143 
Hyaliodini  12,  143 

incisus,  Ceratocapsus  88,  94,  95,  96, 

121,  187,  189,  192 
inconspicuus,  Lygocoris  42,  48,  49,  60, 

192 
inconspicuus,  Lygus  48 
inconspicuus,  Neolygus  48 
interspersus,  Phytocoris  65,  67,  69,  70, 

186,  188,  189 
invitus,  Lygus  43 

Knighti,  Lygocoris  42,  52,  53,  60,  192 
Knighti,  Neolygus  52 

lasiomerus,  Phytocoris  65,  66,  67,  68, 

84,  186,  188,  189,  190 
Lepidopsallus  120,  136 
lineatus,  Lygaeus  26 
lineatus,    Poecilocapsus   26,    27,    190, 

191,  192 
lineolaris,  Capsus  31 

lineolaris,  Lygus  30,  31,  33,  34,  36,  39, 
185,  186,  187,  188,  189,  190,  191, 
192 

longicornis,  Macrolophus  168 

Lopidea  87,  104 

luridula,  Eurychilopterella  147,  148, 
149,  186,  189 

Lygidea  12,  15,  28 

Lygocoris  15,  41,  60 

Lygus  12,  15,  30,  36 

mali,  Atractotomus  134,  135,  185,  188, 

189 
mali,  Capsus  134 
malinus,    Heterocordylus     101,     102, 

103,  186 
Macrolophus  164,  168 


mendax,  Lygidea  26,  28,  29,  186 
meriopterum,  Cimex  99 
meriopterum,  Heterotoma  97,  99,  100, 

185, 191 
minisculus,    Lepidopsallus    134,    136, 

137, 185 
Mirinae  10,  12,  13 
Mirini  13,  14 
modesta,  Melinna  89 
modestus,  Ceratocapsus  88,  89,  91,  92, 

121,  185,  186,  188,  189,  192 
nassatus,  Cimex  115 
nassatus,    Orthotvlus    112,    113,    115, 

121,  189 
nebulosus,  Camptobrochis  152 
nebulosus,  Deraeocoris  150,  152,  153, 

185,  186,  187,  188,  189 
neglectus,  Phytocoris  66,  84,  85,  186, 

188,  189,  190 
Neurocolpus  14,  15 
nigi  icollis,  Phytocoris  66,  76,  77,  79, 84, 

186 
nitenatus,  Deraeocoris  150,  154,  156, 

157,  160,  162,  178,  185,  186,  189 
norvegicus,  Calocoris  62,  64,  185 
norvegicus,  Cimex  62 
nubilus,  Lygus  30,  31,  32,  191 
nubilus,  Neurocolpus  14,  15,  17,  186 
oblineatus,  Lygus  31 
obscurus,  Plagiognathus  124,  128,  130, 

131,  185,  186,  188,  190,  191,  192 
omnivagus,  Lygocoris  42,  54,  56,  57, 

60,  185,  186,  187,  188,  189,  192 
omnivagus,  Lygus  54 
omnivagus,  Neolygus  54 
onustus,  Phytocoris  66,  83,  84,    186, 

187,  190 
Orthotylinae  10,  12,  87 
Orthotylini  87,  121 
Orthotylus  88,  112 
pallidula,  Taedia  18,  22,  23,  186 
pallidulus,  Paracalocoris  22 
Paraproba  87,  104 
perplexus,  Pilophorus  113,  116,  117, 

186,  188,  190 
Phylinae  10,  12,  120 
Phylini  120 

Phytocoris  14,  15,  65,  84 
Pilophorini  87,  116 
Pilophorus  116 

pilosulus,  Ceratocapsus  86,  88,  89,  90, 
121,  185,  186,  187,  188,  189 


200 


pilosus,  Ceratocapsus  89 

plagiatus,  Lygus  30,  34,  36,  37,   188, 

189 
Plagiognathus  120,  122,  124 
Platytylellus  13 
Poecilocapsus  14,  24 
politus,  Plagiognathus  124,   125,  186, 

187,  188,  190,  191 
Prepops  13 
provancheri,  Diaphnocoris   110,    111, 

185,  186,  187,  188,  189 
provancheri,  Melacocoris  110 
Psallus  120,  140 

pumila,  Melinna  96 

pumilus,  Ceratocapsus  88,  94,  96,  97, 

99,  121,  185,  187,  189,  191,  192 
quadrivittatus ,  Capsus  26 
quercalbae,  Lygocoris  42,  56,  58,  59, 

60,  185,  187 
quercalbae,  Lygus  56 
quercalbae,  Neolygus  56 
Resthenini  13 
Rhinocapsus  120,  122 
ribesi,   Plagiognathus    124,    126,    127, 

190 
rubellicoliis,  Prepops  13,  14,  16,  192 
rubi,Dicyphusl70,  171,  178,  190,  191, 

192 
salicellus,  Capsus  140 
salicellus,  Coniortodes  140 
salicellus,  Psallus  140,   141,  142,   186, 

191 
salicis,  Phytocoris  66,  81,  82,  83,  84, 

186,  190 

saliens,  Criocoris  136 


scrupea,  Taedia  14,  18,  19,  20,  21,  187, 

192 
scrupeus,  Capsus  18" 
scrupeus,  Paracalocoris  18 
scrupeus,  Phytocoris  66 
shulli,  Lygus  30,  39,  41,  44,  188,  189, 

190,  191 
Stenotus  12,  15,  58 

sulcatus,  Phytocoris  65,  70,  84,   187, 

188, 189 
Taedia  14,  18,  22 
tenuicornis,    Macrolophus    165,    168, 

169,  191 
ultranubilus ,  Lygus  30 
vanduzeei,  Rhinocapsus  1 18,  122,  123, 

191,  192 

varius,  Lygus  30,  39,  185 

varia,  Taedia  18,  21 

verbasci,  Campylomma  138,  139,  185, 

187,  189,  190,  192 
verbasci,  Capsus  138 
viburni,  Lygocoris  42,  52,  54,  55,  60, 

188 
viburni,  Lygus  54 
viburni,  Neolygus  54 
virgula,  Campyloneura  162,  164,  166, 

188 
virgula,  Capsus  164 
viridinervis,  Capsus  113 
viridinervis,  Orthotylus  112,  113,  114, 

121,  186,  189 
vitripennis,  Capsus  143 
vitripennis,  Hyaliodes   141,  143,   144, 

145,  185,  188,  189,  192 


201 


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